Problem statement. The bases of structures of urban development are almost constantly exposed to dynamic loading from various sources. Long-term dynamic loading leads to the development of vibrocreep deformations or liquefaction of water-saturated sandy soils. As a result, there is a risk of base failure. The purpose of the work is to study the behavior of sandy soils under the influence of a low-frequency vibration load. The tasks of the study are to carry out the analytical review of the literature of the studied topic and experimental confirmation of the hypothesis about the dependence of the unit strain value on the number of cycles and the frequency of dynamic loading. Laboratory tests were performed on a device of dynamic triaxial compression under conditions of closed drainage. The results of the study are presented in the form of graphs of the dependence of axial deformations on the time of action of the dynamic load and the number of cycles. In the course of the research, a significant decrease in the modulus of deformation in the process of vibration was recorded. Conclusions. The results obtained in the course of the study can be useful in the design and selection of technologies for the production of zero cycle construction works

Problem statement. When developing projects for underwater buildings and structures for mining, there is a need to develop computational models of the resistance and deformation of ocean floor soils used as foundation soils. Prediction of the traction forces of a polymetallic nodule mining collector based on a viscoplastic soil–structure interaction model requires determination of the strength and rheological parameters of the deep-sea silty seabed. These parameters are essential for developing engineering computational models based on laboratory physical modeling. A review of the literature shows that the vane shear test is widely used to assess the strength of weak water-saturated clayey soils. However, existing device designs generally do not allow separate determination of the Coulomb (frictional–cohesive) and viscous components of shear resistance, and the conventional vane shear method does not account for thixotropic strength degradation. The aim of this study is the laboratory determination of the strength and rheological parameters of oceanic silts using the vane shear method for application in engineering calculations of deep-sea seabed resistance during collector movement. The tasks include: analysis of the applicability of the vane shear method to the stress–strain state of the seabed under collector loading; development of a laboratory vane shear device and a set of vane probes; experimental testing with determination of physical, mechanical, and rheological characteristics; and processing of the experimental results. Results. A laboratory vane shear device was developed that enables determination of strength and rheological parameters under conditions of large strains, high shear rates, and low normal pressures. The device allows recording of peak and residual shear resistance with consideration of thixotropic strength degradation. Density, water content, and porosity of the oceanic silts were determined to characterize their physical and structural state. Peak and residual values of cohesion, internal friction angle, viscosity coefficient, and yield stress were determined and used as input parameters for the viscoplastic model with Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion. Conclusions. The obtained strength and rheological parameters make it possible to predict, using the computational model, the resistance of the deep-sea silty seabed during the movement of the collector unit as a key element of the ocean mining complex, and can be used in engineering calculations to support design decisions in the planning, construction, and operation of the complex.

Contamination of soils with oil products has a negative effect not only on the fertile properties of soils and grounds, but also leads to a decrease in their strength characteristics necessary for the design of foundations and bases. The purpose of the work is to analyze changes in the parameters of the stress-strain state of sand foundations exposed to technogenic pollution. The tasks of the research are laboratory studies of changes in specific adhesion and the angle of internal friction, taking into account a number of variable parameters, such as sand size, type of oil product and its concentration, as well as the analysis of changes in the value of the design resistance and ultimate pressure based on the obtained laboratory data. The paper presents experimentally established patterns of changes in the strength characteristics of sandy soils when interacting with various types of oil products, and also substantiates a reduction in the design resistance by 10-38% and the ultimate pressure on the foundation soil by 17-60% depending on the size of the sand, the type of oil product and its concentration. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry lies in the possibility of their application in developing recommendations for geotechnical calculations.

Problem statement. During the operation of buildings and structures in the metros influence zone, soil deformations occur under additional vibrational influences associated with the movement of underground trains. Soil creep processes lead to a significant increase in foundation settlement, and failure to take this factor into account can have negative consequences. Furthermore, the construction of new facilities can adversely affect the operating conditions of metro structures, and when designing buildings and structures in metro line zones, a comprehensive assessment of their mutual influence is required. The aim of this work is to study the impact of vibration caused by the movement of metro trains on the foundation and soil base of a building being designed in Kazan, as well as to substantiate design solutions that ensure regulatory vibration levels, permissible settlements taking into account soil creep, and the safety of metro tunnel structures. The main tasks included: selecting a foundation and subgrade design that would reduce vibration levels to regulatory limits; forecasting expected foundation settlements for the building in question, taking into account vibration creep deformations; and assessing the impact of the buildings construction on the metro tunnel structures; and analyzing the stress-strain state of the foundation under a combination of impacts. Results. The conducted studies have shown that with the adopted design solution for the foundation and base, the predicted deformations of the base, taking into account the vibration impact, do not exceed the established limit value. Conclusions. The practical significance of the research conducted for a specific structure lies in the possibility of applying the proposed calculation methods and approaches to the design of foundations and bases when designing similar objects subjected to vibration effects associated with the movement of underground transport.

Problem statement. A promising approach to improving the properties of cementitious materials is their nanomodification, which is often complicated by achieving maximum homogenization of nanoscale particles within the bulk of the base material. Traditional methods of mixing components do not always ensure uniform distribution of nanomodifiers within the mixture. A much more effective approach is co-milling, which underlies the production of low water demand cements. The well-known effect of particle disaggregation during the mechanical, “forced” application of a plasticizer to the surface of cement grains promotes uniform distribution of nanoscale modifiers. Silica sol (silicon dioxide hydrosol) and graphene powder, consisting of graphene nanoplatelets, are known for their positive effects on cementitious materials, making nanomodification of highly dispersed low water demand cements relevant for the creation of high-strength and ultra-high performance concretes. The purpose of this study is to modify low water demand cements with silica sol and graphene nanoplatelets and determine their effect on the properties of cement paste and cement stone. To achieve this, the following tasks are solved: analyzing the particle size distribution of the starting components, producing highly dispersed low water demand cements with nanoscale additives, and assessing the grindability of the starting Portland cement, the normal consistency of the cement paste, and the strength of the cement stone. Results. The analysis of the particle size distribution of the starting components allowed us to determine its effect on the grindability of Portland cement and the normal consistency of the resulting low water demand cements. The concentration dependences of the strength of the cement stone on the nanomodifier content were determined. Conclusions. The use of silica sol has virtually no effect on the specific surface area or normal consistency of the resulting low water demand cements. A decrease in grindability was observed with increasing concentration of graphene nanoplatelets, the dispersed composition of which consists of agglomerates of particles that are not disaggregated during ultrasonic treatment. Both modifiers can increase the strength of cement stone – the greatest effect was achieved with 0.03% graphene nanoplatelets and 0.005% silica sol, the use of which generally showed the best results.

Problem statement. Ensuring the quality of reinforced concrete structures of reinforced concrete lining of tunnels and compliance with all technical specifications is a necessary condition for the safe operation of the subway. Using mathematical methods, it is possible to more accurately regulate technological processes in the production of reinforced concrete structures, thereby increasing the guaranteed provision of the requirements imposed on them. The development of such methods is an urgent task for improving tunnel construction technologies. The aim of the work is to develop and select the optimal mathematical method for regulating the technological modes of production of reinforced concrete tunnel lining blocks to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and maintain the quality of the production process. Research tasks include the analysis of mathematical control methods to improve the quality and reliability of structures; description and selection of a mathematical model for regulating technological modes; development of a unified model that will help to effectively select parameters to improve the quality and reliability of structures; formation of a database based on monitoring results, comparison of modeling results and assessment of the effectiveness of the developed control methods. Results. Statistical processing of the results of multiple equally accurate measurements of the strength of reinforced concrete subway lining blocks showed that the obtained distribution density coincides with the most well-known mathematical laws, i.e. the statistics are not violated. There are no statistically significant differences between the average strength values obtained as a result of the regression analysis and the strengths from the generated database. Conclusions. The analysis of mathematical methods for regulating technological processes of tunnel lining block production was performed. Based on the analysis, a mathematical model for regulating technological modes was selected. Within the framework of the developed mathematical model, which includes regression analysis and statistical process control, the most optimal values of technological parameters were identified, at which the strength of concrete will have maximum values. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the developed method showed that there are no differences between experimental strength calculations and real values.

Problem statement. The exhaustion of natural alumina-silicate raw materials for the production of acid-resistant materials has necessitated the substitution of natural raw materials to large-tonnage industrial waste, which, with their enormous accumulations in the Russian Federation, also cause catastrophic damage to environmental systems. That’s why the purpose of the work is to analyze the influence of ferrochrome aluminothermic slag on the chemical resistance of acid-resistant materials obtained on the basis of the clay part of the gravity "tails" of zircon-ilmenite ores. The tasks of the study are as follows: to specify the key parameters of ferrochrome aluminothermic slag as a leaner and the clay part of the gravity "tails" of zircon-ilmenite ores as a refractory clay component for the production of acid-resistant tiles with increased acid resistance; to consider the possibility of the return of man-made metallurgy raw materials into exploitation and recommend well-reasoned scientifically proven composition based on them for acid-resistant materials; to analyze the effect of ferrochrome aluminothermic slag containing an increased concentration of aluminum oxide (Al2O3>50%) on the acid resistance of ceramic tiles. Results. The analysis of the study showed that samples (acid-resistant tiles) from compositions containing increased amounts of iron oxides (Fe2O3 -6,74 and 6,98%, respectively) and open pores (7,19 and 6,53%), into which sulfuric acid can flow, are most severely damaged, therefore, the acid resistance of tiles of these compositions are 97,8 and 98,05, respectively. And samples from the composition, which use ferrochrome aluminothermic slag containing an increased amount of aluminum (Al2O3>50%) as a leaner, in addition to low concentrations of iron oxides (Fe2O3 -3,87%) and open pores (5,05%), also contain highly refractory minerals (fire resistance exceeds 2000oC), which significantly increase not only fire resistance, but also acid resistance. Conclusions. It was found that at a firing temperature of 1300 ° C, the analyzed tiles of compositions that do not contain ferrochrome aluminothermic slag are characterized by a high content of iron oxides and open pores, therefore, the acid resistance of these samples does not exceed 98%. The introduction of slag into the composition increases the acid resistance to 99,2%.

To predict the durability of structures made of composite materials, in particular, fiberglass (many elements are made from them, for example, road crossings, light truss and frame structures), it is necessary to know the laws of their degradation. The aim of this study is to develop a method for assessing the residual strength of a composite under the simultaneous influence of aggressive environments and force factors. The following problems were solved. Analytical and numerical methods were developed for calculating the parameters of the stress-strain state of specimens under longitudinal bending. Kinetic relationships were proposed for several mechanical characteristics (elastic properties, aggressive environment concentration and penetration depth, and tensile strength). Parameters for the proposed laws of change in mechanical characteristics were obtained based on the solution of an identification problem. The results obtained experimentally, analytically, and using the finite element method were compared. The results of full-scale tests of specimens brought to failure, but with periodic measurements of residual deflections and tensile strength, are presented. The model of aggressive environment diffusion into the material is constructed. When describing the phenomenon of material degradation, a relationship was used in which additional deformation caused by the degradation of the composite was used as a parameter characterizing the destruction process. The constitutive relation for this problem is presented as a time-differential equation. The results of field experiments are presented, compared with solutions to the degradation problem using analytical and numerical methods. The proposed models yielded reasonably good agreement between the calculated and experimental results

When calculating statically indeterminate truss structures, it is important to have the dependence of longitudinal deformations on normal forces. It becomes nonlinear in the case of a longitudinal bend. The article is devoted to the derivation of the relations that link large deflections to the compressive force of the rod in the presence of a counteraction in the pivoting supports to the rotation of the axis of the rod. It is assumed that this resistance decreases with increasing rotation angle due to the degradation of the support material. The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for calculating the ductility of compressed rods, taking into account their supercritical bending, as well as taking into account the shear in the presence of changes in the stiffness of the supports. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been solved: an equation has been obtained that determines the angle of inclination of the rod axis depending on shear deformations (a resolving equation); a numerical scheme has been proposed for the analytical solution of the resulting equation; a series of computational experiments has been carried out and, based on them, the relationships between the most important parameters of the stress-strain state of the rod under conditions of supercritical bending have been identified, taking into account shear; the analytical expression has been obtained that makes it possible to calculate the compliance of the rod after loss of stability under large deflections. The proposed relations and methods make it possible to calculate statically indeterminate structures such as trusses, taking into account the loss of stability and subcritical bending of core elements with fasteners, the rigidity of which depends on the level of deformation of the rods, which allows to identify their bearing capacity. This is important for the construction industry today due to the widespread use of fiberglass rods in the manufacture of bridge structures and temporary structures. The solution to the problem under consideration is important for the analysis of composite beams, especially due to their low shear stiffness.

Problem statement. Ensuring sustainable thermal comfort in residential premises requires taking into account the heterogeneity of the temperature field formed by various types of heating systems. Traditional methods of thermal engineering calculations do not allow to describe in detail the interaction of convective and radiative processes, which determines the relevance of the application of numerical modeling. The purpose of the study was to determine the characteristics of the temperature fields in the room during the operation of radiator and floor heating systems. To achieve this purpose, the tasks were formulated: to create a geometric and computational model, to perform a study of grid independence, to perform calculations under various temperature conditions and analyze the features of the thermal regime. The study was carried out using mathematical modeling based on solving the equations of air motion and heat transfer, taking radiation into account. A room of the given geometry with two heating options was considered. Polyhedral grids tested for grid independence were used. The calculations used the laminar flow model and the Monte Carlo radiative heat transfer model. Results. The proportions of heat losses were quantitatively determined using the main boundary areas of the calculation model. Vertical profiles of the average air temperature over the room height were created for different outdoor air temperatures. It was shown that the supply slot forms a local temperature minimum for both heating systems, while the radiator system produces a local temperature maximum in the area of the heating device and a pronounced vertical temperature stratification. Conclusions. The largest contribution to the total heat balance is associated with the heating of supply air, whose proportion reaches 44–53% for the radiator heating system and 48–59% for the floor heating system. It was established that the supply slot forms a persistent zone of local cooling at y/Y = 0,33; at the same time, the floor heating system provides more effective compensation of local cooling, whereas the radiator heating system forms a local overheated zone at y/Y = 0,22 and a more pronounced vertical temperature stratification.

Problem statement. One of the main challenges in winter construction is providing optimal conditions for concreting. Under low temperatures and high humidity, concrete may fail to achieve the required strength and quality, which can adversely affect the durability of a building or structure. The aim of this work is to identify the structural and technological features of strengthening a monolithic reinforced concrete floor slab subjected to frost destruction during winter concreting. The tasks of the study are as follows: conducting a visual and instrumental inspection of the structure; reviewing existing methods for strengthening monolithic floor slabs; performing verification calculations to ensure compliance with design loads; and developing a structural and technological solution for strengthening. Results. A model of the stress-strain state of the slab has been developed considering the recommended strengthening option. The results of the development of structural and technological solutions for strengthening the slab, which has suffered from frost destruction in its upper layers, are presented. This solution includes restoring the protective concrete cover, installing an additional reinforcing mesh, and placing a layer of fine-grained concrete topping. Conclusions. The developed design and engineering solution, which includes restoring the protective layer, installing additional reinforcing mesh, and applying concrete, allows for the restoration of the design load-bearing capacity and rigidity of a floor slab damaged during winter concreting. Modeling results confirmed a reduction in maximum deflection from 69.2 mm to 33.9 mm, which complies with regulatory requirements. The practical significance of this work lies in the potential application of the proposed method to correct similar defects in existing construction and renovation projects without significantly increasing labor costs or foundation loads

Problem statement. Problems with the use of wedge-type rod demountable structures are: 1. A large number of horizontal fasteners to the wall of the main structure, according to the recommendations of the manufacturers, does not vary from the shape of the structure. This fact increases the cost, labor intensity of the construction of the structures themselves, and also complicates the processes of the main work on the scaffolding. 2. The absence of foundations leads to uneven settlement of the structure. Uneven settlement in this case is difficult to predict, so it is necessary to introduce additional fasteners to be on the safe side. It is done according to the requirements of regulatory documents and instructions of manufacturers of elements of these structures. The purpose of the research is to determine the influence of structural and technological features of operation on the strength, rigidity, stability, labor intensity and cost of the structure. The tasks of the study are: to justify the need to take into account the shape of the structure and the uneven settlement of the supports; to ensure significant saving on labor and material costs and reduce the duration of work, while providing reliability, by reducing the number of fasteners. Results. The influence of structural and technological features of wedge-type rod demountable structures on strength, rigidity, stability, labor intensity and cost has been studied. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is shown. The approach suggests taking into account the shapes of the structure and the unevenness of the settlement of the supports, which contribute to reducing the number of horizontal fasteners and, consequently, of labor and material costs. Conclusions. Taking into account such features as the shape and mechanical properties of the base of the structure can provide significant savings in labor and material costs and reduce the duration of work by decreasing the number of fasteners. It was revealed that the construction of the round-shaped scaffolding on a rigid base considered in this work provides the difference in settlements no more than 4.95 mm. Taking into account structural and technological features, cost savings are achieved by 18.01%, labor costs by 11.41%.

Taking into account natural and climatic indicators, and in particular the average monthly temperature of the outside air, allows for an effective distribution of construction work in the resource-calendar planning of residential buildings, which contributes to improving the technical and economic indicators of the construction project. However, in the context of global warming, which is one of the consequences of the annual increase in the average monthly temperature of the air, it becomes necessary to take into account the actual temperature of the outside air in order to create an updated calendar schedule in resource-calendar planning. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of natural and climatic factors on resource and calendar planning for the construction of residential buildings, using the example of average monthly outdoor temperatures in the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan. The tasks of the work include: 1) analysis of natural and climatic indicators affecting resource and calendar planning of residential buildings construction; 2) analysis of normative and actual average monthly temperatures of outdoor air on the example of Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan; 3) assessment of the influence of natural and climatic indicators on resource and calendar planning of residential buildings construction, by analyzing resource and calendar planning developed on the basis of normative and actual average monthly temperatures of outdoor air in Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan. Results. The analysis of natural and climatic indicators in resource and calendar planning of construction showed the priority of taking into account the average monthly outdoor temperature. The comparison of the normative and actual indicators of the average monthly outdoor temperature showed an increase in temperature due to global warming and, as a result, an increase in the warm season, which allows for the transfer of some work from the cold season to the warm season, thereby improving the technical and economic indicators of construction projects. Conclusions. The outdoor air temperature indicator is highly predictable in resource and calendar planning and determines the boundaries of the warm and cold seasons. However, due to global warming, the standard temperature indicators are changing, affecting the construction timeline. Therefore, taking into account the actual average monthly outdoor air temperatures allows for the optimization of resource and calendar planning for residential buildings.

Problem Statement. The lack of integration of urban planning documentation with other urban development strategies, such as transport, environmental, or social policies, leads to a discrepancy between plans and the actual needs of the population. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the theoretical foundations of the influence of urban planning documentation on the development of the city of Kurgan, taking into account the harmonization of the municipality’s socio-economic indicators. This analysis also requires the assessment of the existing urban planning zoning of Kurgan to identify ineffective areas and propose improvements. The relevance of this topic is determined by the fact that cities are constantly growing and developing. Proper zoning of the city’s territory facilitates the efficient use of land resources, the creation of comfortable living conditions, the conservation of natural resources, and environmental improvement. The objective of this study is to identify the characteristics of urban planning zoning in Kurgan. The tasks are to define the territorial zones of Kurgan (residential, commercial, industrial, recreational, etc.), identify their characteristics, and their distribution across the territory. The analysis of development density, environmental constraints, accessibility of social services and infrastructure, and the number of historical and cultural heritage sites was conducted; amendments to the Land Use and Development Regulations for the city of Kurgan were proposed, taking into account the identified characteristics. Results. The main findings of the study include a comprehensive study of Kurgan’s urban zoning, taking into account its physical, geographical, and socioeconomic conditions. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained is that the identified characteristics will help determine areas for preserving the city’s historic development and formulate recommendations for improving urban planning solutions within the context of sustainable territorial planning for the municipality.

Problem statement. The main problem of the formation and development of the urban environment of large cities is the process of development of their street and road networks. The most significant aspect of effective traffic management in the streets of the city is the consideration of transport infrastructure from the point of view of an integrated approach. Particular attention should be paid to the fact that optimizing one element can only temporarily reduce the load on the road network, but not solve the problem as a whole. The purpose of the work is to create an effective transport framework scheme with the proposed construction facilities. The tasks of the study are the analysis of promising development areas, consideration of a schedule with the current situation and expected effects, schematization of interchanges, assessment of the current situation and mapping of specific construction projects in the city of Tyumen. Results. The authors propose to consider an integrated approach to infrastructure development, which makes it possible to create a more efficient and convenient system for all road users. The study highlights the need to take into account various factors when planning the development of the road network, the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of proposed measures after their implementation and the need to make adjustments in case of unsatisfactory results. The factors influencing the development of infrastructure are described. The ways to solve traffic congestion have been identified, including the construction of a new ring road, increasing the number of continuous traffic directions, eliminating dead ends, and reconstructing the busiest intersections. Conclusions. The presented directions of main streets and roads facilitate the fast and efficient movement of vehicles across the city. It is proposed to consider the street and road network as a framework of main and latitudinal directions with design and construction facilities for infrastructure development.

Problem statement. The study is devoted to the analysis of the existing forest park green belt, the identification of weaknesses and the development of project proposals for optimizing the green belt, taking into account modern requirements and the actively changing urban development situation of the city of Tomsk and the closed administrative-territorial entity of Seversk. The relevance of the topic is determined by the rapidly changing urban environment, which, in the context of urbanization and increasing anthropogenic pressure on natural ecosystems, is of particular importance in the issue of preserving and rationally using urban forests. Forest park green belts perform important ecological, recreational, and sanitary-hygienic functions, contributing to improving air quality, reducing noise levels, and creating a comfortable urban environment. The purpose of the study is to form proposals for optimizing the boundaries of the forest park green belt. Tasks: The main tasks are to use analysis tools to identify weaknesses in the formation of landscaping sites within the boundaries of the territory under consideration, and to develop design proposals for their optimization. Results. The paper presents and analyzes the theoretical foundations of the creation, use and optimization of the location of forest park green belts, provides a modern description of the territory where the object of research is located. The existing boundaries of the forest park green belt around the city of Tomsk and the closed administrative-territorial entity of Seversk, problems and limitations are considered. A variant of optimizing the boundaries of the forest park green belt in the Tomsk region is proposed. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained lies in the fact that the project proposals can be used by local governments when making changes to the General Plan of the relevant territory.

Problem Statement. The development of large metropolitan areas and megapolises primarily occurs in territories beyond the administrative boundaries of urban settlements – in suburban territory. To develop a systemic approach to strategic and territorial planning of emerging and developing settlements, encircling cores and anchor settlements, and spreading along the transport system, a town-planning approach is required to define the concept of “suburban territory”. The purpose of the research is to define the suburban territory of a metropolitan area by conducting an essential-definitional analysis, which includes studying theoretical and applied research containing reasoned conclusions and hypothetical inferences regarding the basis of the concept. The research tasks are: 1. To define the suburban territory within a metropolitan area based on theoretical and applied approaches to the essential description of the concept; 2. To identify the characteristic features of the suburban territory within a metropolitan area; 3. To apply the conclusions about the suburban territory to the organization of settlements within a metropolitan area. Results. An urban planning approach is proposed for defining the suburban territory within the metropolitan area, which results in conclusions about the primary use of the concept and the expansion of its meaning. The prerequisites for the formation of a suburban territory within a metropolitan area are described. Key theories and concepts that justify the theoretical and applied approach to defining a suburban territory have been identified. The results of the essential-definitional analysis have been applied to the Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, and Transbaikal metropolitan areas as a proposed solution to the problem of self-organization of suburban territory. Conclusions. The suburban territory within the metropolitan area acts as an independent urban planning object. The key outcome of the activities aimed at organizing a suburban territory is the emergence of sub-centers within the metropolitan area, which ensures the balance and prospective development of the urban settlement system.

Conclusions. In the architecture of the Kazan architects of the Art Nouveau era, the techniques and style elements characteristic of Art Nouveau and Modern style are reflected. A number of original techniques of form creation, under some influence of European and Russian analogues, have been adopted in the architectural practice of Kazan. Trends in the search for new stylistic techniques, as well as the desire to modernize classicist and regional traditions have been identified. Some of the methods of formation anticipated the compositional searches of the constructivists. The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in the addition of new knowledge to the history of Russian and regional architecture, as well as in identifying the specific features of the creative approaches and stylistic searches of the leading architects of Kazan. The materials and theoretical provisions of the study are important for understanding the formation of the Kazan architectural school, for conducting further research on the work of Russian architects.

Booth theaters were theaters for the people, they reflected the cultural level of the population, national traditions and economic development of the cities of the Russian Empire. The relevance of the study lies in the insufficient study of this topic. Previously booth theaters were considered only within the framework of the Russian state, regional features were not identified. The aim of the work is to identify the architectural, planning and stylistic features of booth theaters of Kazan in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The tasks of the study: 1. To study the location of booth theaters under study in the structure of the city of Kazan in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. 2. To identify the architectural, planning and stylistic solutions of booth theaters of Kazan in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. 3. To compare the architectural planning and stylistic solutions of booth theaters in Kazan and other large cities of Russia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Results. As a result of the study, the architectural and spatial, architectural planning and stylistic features of booth theaters in Kazan in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries were determined. A comparison of the architectural and spatial, architectural planning and stylistic features of booth theaters in Kazan and other large cities of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries was made. The conclusions of the study allow us to identify general trends and regional specifics of booth theaters in Kazan in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries.

The lack of a strategy for the development of urban space is causing a progressive deterioration and gradual loss of cultural heritage sites, taking into account the historical and cultural potential of the territory. For this reason, the issue of the need to develop scientifically based approaches to the study of historical and cultural potential is extremely relevant. Existing research is mainly devoted to certain aspects of historical and cultural potential; however, an integrated and interdisciplinary approach is needed to fully realize it. The purpose of the research is to form a scientific definition of historical and cultural potential and identify methods for its assessment. The tasks of the research are to identify theoretical approaches to understanding historical and cultural potential; to identify its structural components; to analyze various methodological approaches to its assessment; to form a comprehensive scientific definition of the term, including various aspects of its understanding. Results. Based on the analysis of various methodological approaches to understanding historical and cultural potential, its scientific definition has been formed. The historical and cultural potential is an integral interconnected system of tangible and intangible components of a historical settlement, including architectural heritage, archaeological sites, historical and cultural monuments, cultural landscapes, as well as socio-cultural factors such as traditions, craft, way of life, social practices, etc. Conclusions. 1. Among the main theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the definition of historical and cultural potential the following approaches have been identified: functional-resource; spatial-integral; socio-cultural; identity; cultural-landscape. 2. Historical and cultural potential includes not only architectural monuments, but also other important and inseparable tangible and intangible components. Architecture is a unique component of potential, which is a material expression of historical processes and social practices. 3. The practical assessment of historical and cultural potential requires the simultaneous application of various methodologies. None of these identified methods is universal and requires adaptation to a specific research subject. 4. The proposed definition covers both tangible and intangible components of potential, forming an interconnected structure.

Contemporary architectural design often faces the need to simultaneously employ several styles, but the existing approach of eclecticism as a method of style mixing rarely leads to the emergence of qualitatively new architectural languages. The question of the underlying mechanisms of integration and synthesis of disparate stylistic systems, particularly nature-inspired geonics and rational modernism, remains unresolved. The purpose of this study is to determine the possibilities of interaction between the architectural direction of natural geonics and modernism. The study tasks include: 1) the identification of the main tools of the natural geonic approach; 2) the substantiation of the fundamental shift from purely geonic shaping to interaction with traditional modernism; 3) the study of the stylistic processes occurring during the synthesis of geonics and modernism; 4) the description of the state of the new synthesized architectural language. Results: The research results in the formation of a new synthesized state – protostylistics, which is not reducible to the canons of modernism and possesses new qualities – tectonic plasticity and adaptability, approaching the language of sculpturalism in its characteristics. The article substantiates that the synthesized state does not reduce to eclecticism but becomes a structural transformation of the architectural language, creating a new form of architectural composition. It was revealed that geonics uses five instrumental approaches: Surface-based; Object-based; Cluster-based; Component-based; Plasticity-based. These approaches form an architectural language of tectonics, environmental integration, and adaptability. The transition from nature to modernism changes the processes: modernism becomes the “medium” for geonics; the interaction acquires the properties of a stylistic dialogue; modernism loses its autonomy in favor of situationality and adaptability. The synthesis process includes the integration of geonics into modernist volume; mutual transformation of tectonics; formation of protostylistics – a new state where modernism receives geonic dynamics and contextuality. The new state is defined as protostylistics – a transitional language with the following characteristics: plasticity instead of rigid geometry; adaptability instead of staticity; ecological articulation of form; geo-formation of mass instead of grid; contextual camouflage instead of contrast. Protostylistics manifests as a dynamic system, close to sculpturalism, operating according to the logic of “medium – transformation – state.”

The Arab region, where people have lived for over 10,000 years, has developed resilient ways of adapting to the desert environment. In such conditions, natural and climatic factors play a key role in shaping architectural and urban planning solutions, which differ significantly from approaches used in other regions. These solutions are aimed at creating a comfortable living environment, taking into account local climatic conditions, such as high temperatures, intense solar radiation, wind conditions, and limited water resources. The objective of the study is to analyze historical architectural solutions that contribute to comfortable living in areas with a hot climate. The tasks of the study are: to study historical architectural solutions for dense development used by Arab residents in urban planning to combat harmful winds; to identify architectural spatial solutions for buildings to combat high temperatures and the scorching sun; and to substantiate architectural planning solutions using historical cooling techniques for residential and public buildings. Research results. The layout of traditional neighborhoods, characterized by courtyards and narrow, winding streets, creates an effective system of natural shading, reducing solar radiation during daylight hours and improving the comfort of the urban environment. Architectural elements such as mashrabiyas and windbreaks are appropriate to integrate into contemporary design practices in the Middle East and North Africa, taking into account their adaptive potential.

Low-rise eco-friendly architecture in Russia is forced to develop in harsh climatic conditions. The construction of buildings based on the use of soil is practically not carried out in Russia. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to identify the possibility of using soil as a biopositive material for the exterior wall of a low-rise eco-friendly building in the conditions of the Middle Volga region. The research tasks are to identify the classification of exterior walls of an eco-friendly building based on the use of soil; to trace the history of the construction of eco-friendly buildings of this type; to determine the characteristic features of the architectural solution and to analyze the thermal engineering aspects of a possible structural design of walls based on the use of soil in the climatic conditions of the Middle Volga region. Results. Several options for the structural design of walls based on the use of soil are considered: earth blocks, adobe, “earthbags”, and peat blocks. A brief history of the construction of such structures is described, as well as the general features of their spatial and planning solutions. The thermal performance of these exterior wall structures for the conditions of the Middle Volga region is analyzed. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for architecture lies in the thermal engineering justification of the possibility of designing and constructing buildings using various technologies for the structural design of walls based on the use of soil in the conditions of the Middle Volga region. The article proposes a wall design based on several options for the structural design of walls based on the use of soil.

Reinforced concrete is widely used in engineering structures, in transport construction, in industrial, energy and hydraulic engineering construction. All these buildings and structures are subjected to repeated loads. When designing reinforced concrete structures of buildings, there is still a problem of ensuring the endurance of structures. The article outlines the main provisions of the proposed alternative theory of endurance of reinforced concrete, methodology and methods for calculating reinforced concrete structures for endurance. The main concept in developing an alternative theory of reinforced concrete endurance is to describe the actual operation of reinforced concrete under repeated loads. Other concepts are to identify the acting internal forces under cyclic loads and substantiate the nature of their occurrence; to develop computational and mathematical models of fatigue resistance which make it possible to predict clearly the stress-strain state, and take into account the actual deformation of concrete and reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures. The models also identify causes, mechanisms, and forms of fatigue failure. The developed methodology and methods for calculating reinforced concrete structures for endurance are based on the developed alternative theory and explicitly take into account the main factors under repeated loads and exclude empirical coefficients. The objective of the study. Development of an alternative theory of the endurance of reinforced concrete. Tasks. Development of the scientific foundations of the theory of endurance of reinforced concrete, development of computational models of fatigue resistance for basic loading schemes of reinforced concrete structures, development of new methodology and methods for calculating reinforced concrete structures for endurance based on this theory. Results. Under cyclic loads, the increased development of concrete vibration creep deformations leads to an increase in residual deformations in the concrete of the compressed zone. Vibration creep deformations develop in cramped conditions, which leads to continuous changes in the stress-strain state, stress cycle asymmetry coefficients, and endurance limits for concrete and reinforcement under repeated loads. Conclusions. To assess the ability of reinforced concrete structures to resist repeated loads, it is most rational to check the endurance conditions recorded on the basis of calculated fatigue resistance models reflecting the actual operation of reinforced concrete under such loads.

The design of steel structures, despite its importance in modern architecture and construction, faces challenges related to fluctuating prices for rolled metal products and the need to ensure cost efficiency. Against the backdrop of growing demands for the specificity of construction solutions, as well as the need to comply with codes and standards, the goal has been set to develop methods for integrating the cost indicators of rolled metal products across all design stages. The following tasks have been formulated: identifying characteristic trends in the cost and range of rolled metal products, as well as developing design methods and finding design solutions that will produce a metal frame with the best cost characteristics. Using optimization methods and tools, including the Scipy library and the Python programming language, it is proposed to represent the cross-sectional area of load-bearing structures as a continuous function of one or two arguments. Based on the analysis of a large data set, the distribution of prices for key rolled metal products is determined. Results. Big data processing enabled the development of a methodology for determining the cost of a structural solution. This methodology identifies the price distribution for key types of rolled metal products, enabling design optimization not only for minimal steel consumption but also for minimal cost. Conclusions. Using this approach contributes to the creation of more cost-effective, efficient, and competitive steel structure designs.

The roadside service system on the highways of the Russian Federation, which has been created for decades, now suffers from low efficiency and attractiveness due to the spontaneous placement of facilities and the lack of an integrated approach to meeting the needs of drivers, which reduces road safety and the comfort of participants. The purpose of the work is to experimentally assess the impact of the complex of roadside services on the amount of demand from road users using the example of the federal highways M-7 and M-12. The research tasks are to make an experimental assessment of the demand for roadside services using the example of the M-7 and M-12 highway sections; to identify the dependence of the level of consumer demand on the set of services at the roadside service facility. The results of the experiment showed that the expansion of the range of services, especially by adding large shops and catering facilities significantly increases the performance of the exit and the duration of the stop. The proposed estimated indicators provide a sufficiently objective description of the efficiency of the operation of roadside service facilities. Conclusions. For the first time, an indicator called “driving rest conversion” was proposed, which quantifies the ability of a roadside service facility to retain customers for a good rest, and not just for short-term maintenance. It was also noted that the development of multifunctional zones not only redistributes traffic, but also increases the overall attractiveness of roadside infrastructure, helping to reduce driver fatigue and improve the rest quality.

Road defects are one of the constantly emerging problems in the road industry that endanger road safety and require significant costs to eliminate. For effective maintenance of roads and ensuring the safety of road users, it is important to promptly detect defects in the road surface. Traditional defect detection methods take a significant amount of time, are laborious, and are prone to human error. The development of modern computer vision technologies and algorithms can significantly reduce the time needed to solve problems in various fields, including the road industry. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to select methods and algorithms for detecting road defects using computer vision to improve the accuracy and efficiency of detecting damage on highways. This, in turn, optimizes the processes of their operation and maintenance, ensuring more effective preservation of the quality of the road infrastructure. The research tasks are to compare YOLOv8 with other neural network architectures on the same dataset; to develop a system for detecting road defects based on computer vision. Results. The study defines the stages of creating a system for detecting road defects based on computer vision. The YOLOv8 detection quality metrics were obtained based on a test sample of road defects. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the road industry lies in the ability to detect road defects in a timely manner, which in turn contributes to improving the efficiency of managing the condition of highways, reducing maintenance costs, and as a result, provides a higher level of safety and comfort for road users. The results can be used in further scientific developments and for optimizing road surface maintenance and repair processes.

When calculating and designing the longitudinal and ditch trays of the road drainage system, dependencies based on a uniform water flow regime are currently used. In fact, the movement of water in them is non-uniform with increasing mass along the length of the trays. In addition, it is not taken into account that part of the flow from the longitudinal tray does not enter the ditch tray and enters the next section of the longitudinal tray. To improve the accuracy of calculations, it is necessary to eliminate the disadvantages listed above. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive assessment of the work of longitudinal and ditch trays. The tasks of the study are to develop an existing methodology for determining the distances between water ditch trays and to develop a method for calculating the distances between the ditch trays, taking into account the non-uniform flow movement. Results. A method has been developed for calculating the distances between ditch trays, which is based on a joint solution in finite differences of the equation of non-uniform motion of a liquid with increasing mass and the equation of continuity. The calculated distances between ditch trays for roads of technical categories I and II have been determined. Conclusions. The use of the proposed calculation method will reduce the risk of flooding of the reinforced section of the road shoulder and even the roadway.

The remoteness of the regions of the Far East and Transbaikalia from the road network creates a problem of providing daily transport links. In this regard, these areas, along with water transport, intensively use light-engine aircraft and transport helicopters. Due to the need to organize air traffic, it is necessary to create minimally equipped landing sites for light-engine aircraft and helicopters. Since this aircraft, despite its modest dimensions, has a significant weight, the sites must be equipped with artificial surface capable of withstanding the high wheel loads that occur. For the construction of landing sites, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of using industrial waste from the regions to improve the properties of building materials. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the use of styrene distillation residues from petrochemical enterprises in the Far East and Transbaikalia when strengthening bentonite clays with bitumen emulsions for the construction of airfield pavements for sanitary aviation. The research tasks are to establish the effect of styrene distillation residue additives on changes in the viscosity of bitumen emulsions at different temperatures; to evaluate the influence of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the strengthening binder on the frost resistance and compressive strength of reinforced soil samples; and to determine the technological features of constructing airfield pavements from soils reinforced with bitumen emulsions containing styrene distillation residue additives for the climatic conditions of the Transbaikal and Amur regions. Results. The study considers a prospective possibility of constructing airfield sites in the Transbaikal and Amur regions from soil surfaces reinforced with bitumen emulsion, which is obtained by adding styrene distillation residues to BND 40/60 bitumen. It was established that strengthening the soil with bitumen emulsion with the addition of styrene distillation residues results in an increase in compressive strength and frost resistance coefficient. Technological features of the construction of two-layer pavements for airfield sites for sanitary aviation in the Transbaikal and Amur regions from reinforced soils using styrene distillation residues were determined. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for road construction is to confirm the possibility of using styrene distillation residues from petrochemical enterprises in the Far East and Transbaikalia when strengthening bentonite clays with bitumen emulsions for the construction of airfield pavements. This will ensure transport links to remote territories of the Russian Federation.

Problem Statement. Transportation plays a key role in the economy and quality of life. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS), which collect data through video surveillance, are used to optimize transportation networks. Video analytics and artificial intelligence make transportation safer and more efficient. The goal of this study is to summarize the operating principles of ITS with the integration of video analytics and Big Data. Objectives: analyze existing ITS systems using these technologies and determine the technological basis for their development. Results. Successful examples of ITS implementation in various countries are considered, confirming their effectiveness. The integration of Big Data, machine learning, and computer vision significantly improves road infrastructure management. The experiment compared the Faster R-CNN, YOLOv8s, and YOLOv9s detection models in terms of accuracy, recall, speed, and resource consumption. Faster R-CNN is accurate but inferior to YOLO in speed and compactness. YOLOv8s demonstrated the best balance of quality and performance. YOLOv9s is promising for devices with limited resources. The technological foundation of the ITS has been established: high-resolution video surveillance, computer vision algorithms, big data and real-time processing, compatibility with other technologies, participant behavior analysis, decision making, privacy protection, and cybersecurity. Conclusions. The significance of this work lies in optimizing transportation network performance. The results highlight the importance of an integrated approach combining technical solutions, data analysis, and user services to create a resilient, secure, and highly efficient transportation network.

One of the pressing challenges in road construction is saving imported inert materials and traditional binders, which can be achieved through the widespread use of recycled resources, such as man-made soils. The use of man-made soils containing calcium sulfate phosphohemihydrate has the potential to be used in road surfaces as the main raw material both for the construction of reinforced base layers and for the production of precast pavement slabs. However, the implementation of the solutions under consideration is hampered by the lack of knowledge of the physical, mechanical and operational properties of processed man-made soils containing calcium sulfate phosphohemihydrate. The purpose of the work is to study the possibility of using it in the construction of reinforced pavement bases made of man-made soils containing calcium sulfate phosphohemihydrate, using the technology of mixing on the highway and the production of precast pavement slabs. The tasks are to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of recycled man-made soils; to determine the effect of the initial moisture content of man-made soils on their compressive strength at different ages; to study the strength properties and resistance of precast pavement slabs made from recycled man-made soil to long-term freeze-thaw cycles; to conduct a pilot industrial implementation of recycled man-made soils in the construction of reinforced pavement bases on highways. Results. The possibility of using processed man-made soils containing calcium sulfate phosphohemihydrate as the main road-building material in the construction of reinforced pavement bases has been established. The strength and frost resistance values of the grades meet the requirements for soils reinforced with inorganic binders for road surfaces. The required indicators of physical and mechanical properties of man-made soil obtained as a result of processing based on calcium sulfate phosphohemihydrate (using new technology) were studied and determined. The pilot industrial implementation of recycled man-made soils as a monolithic layer and material for precast pavement base slabs on highways in various regions of the Russian Federation has confirmed the rationality of using technology for processing man-made soils not only to reduce the cost of road construction work, but also in the development of industrial construction methods. Conclusions. The widespread use of recycled man-made soils in road construction allows not only to address issues of reducing construction costs, but also to expand the scope of effective use of industrial by-products.

Increasing the degree of compaction of reinforced soils in the subgrade of highways is a key factor in the durability and reliability of road structures. Improving the quality of highways depends on many components, including scientifically sound technologies for compacting subgrade. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to develop a technique for strengthening sandy loam soils with complex organomineral additives based on solutions of polyvinyl alcohol and trisodium phosphate, which provide the required degree of compaction of the structural layers of road structures. Research tasks: To study the change in viscosity of a strengthening additive consisting of a solution of polyvinyl alcohol and trisodium phosphate at different component concentrations; to determine the effect of the amount of strengthening additive on the water absorption and compressive strength of strengthened soils; to conduct pilot testing of the technology for compacting sandy loam soils using the developed soil strengthening technique on test sections of road structures. Results. A method for strengthening sandy loam soils is proposed using strengthening additives made from PVA and Na3PO4, ensuring the required physical and mechanical properties and compaction degree of the structural layers of road structures. Based on the obtained dependences on the viscosity of the soil strengthening additive, a rational combination of components was established, the strengthening of which demonstrates the feasibility of their use in road construction. A pilot test of the developed method for strengthening sandy loam soils using the developed additives confirmed the feasibility of increasing the compaction efficiency of the structural layers of road structures. Conclusions. The developed method of strengthening sandy loam soils with complex organomineral additives makes a significant contribution to the road industry, improving the quality and durability of road structures, reducing construction costs and expanding the possibilities of construction in difficult conditions. This contributes to the implementation of the tasks of creating a safe and high-quality road infrastructure

Problem Statement. The rational selection of road construction machinery sets is crucial for the efficient execution of road construction works. During the construction of linear extended projects, such as highways, working conditions (climatic, hydrogeological, etc.) vary significantly across different sections. In this regard, there is a need to adjust the composition of machinery sets, but traditional methods of forming sets of road construction machines do not allow one to respond to changes in external factors without significant additional costs. Functional adaptation measures often involve replacing or reconfiguring equipment, which incurs substantial costs. Existing methods for determining road construction machinery sets compositions are designed for fixed, predetermined working conditions and are inadequate for justifying sets that are adaptable to a range of potential scenarios while minimizing adaptation costs. Research Objective. The aim of this study is to develop a method for the functional adaptation of road construction machinery sets. This method ensures work is completed to the required quality standards and within deadlines, while optimizing the costs associated with the formation, reconfiguration, and operation of these sets. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are addressed: justifying the approach for modeling road construction working conditions (natural and climatic, soil and hydrogeological, etc.); developing a method to determine optimal road construction machinery sets compositions for homogeneous groups of operational conditions (funding volumes, technological resources, range and volume of road works, etc.); and creating an algorithm for selecting an adaptive road construction machinery sets, considering preemptive measures for its adjustment to changing site conditions. Results. A method for the functional adaptation of road construction machinery sets during transportation facility construction has been developed. The method is based on the application of mathematical programming models to justify road construction machinery (RCM) sets composition, statistical modeling to simulate working conditions and the economic uncertainty of resource provision, and game theory for selecting adaptive RCM sets options under uncertainty. Conclusions. The proposed method can be utilized by design, construction, maintenance, and other transportation-related organizations to justify and select (purchase, lease) machinery and equipment sets. It aids in identifying preemptive measures for adapting RCMs to changing site conditions and their logistical support, as well as in managing the financial risks associated with cost overruns from machinery set reconfiguration.