bitumen emulsions are widely used in road construction. The main quality of bituminous emulsions is stability during storage and transportation: they should only break down while contacting with the surface. Anionic emulsions used in waterproofing of buildings and structures are less common due to their lower stability. The preparation of stable bitumen emulsions is impossible without the use of surfactants having necessary emulsifying and stabilizing properties. There are many chemical compounds that can be used to emulsify bitumen, but for technical and economic reasons, only a small number of them have become widespread. The aim of the study is to develop the composition of an aqueous emulsifier solution that ensures the stability of the bitumen emulsion and a high complex of properties of the binder obtained from it. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved: 1. Synthesis of an effective surfactant from the target domestic raw materials, which will ensure the consistency of composition and properties. 2. Determination of the selected surfactant influence on the properties of bituminous emulsions and binders obtained from these emulsions. Results. The main results of the study are to determine the optimal content of the surfactant, which will provide a high complex of properties of the emulsion and the binder obtained from it. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the construction industry consists in increasing the storage stability of bitumen emulsions used for waterproofing buildings and structures.

Statement of the problem. Recently a lot of attention has been paid to the problems of improving asphalt concrete. This is due to the need to extend the service life of asphalt concrete pavement in conditions of constant growth in traffic loads, intensity of traffic and climatic factors as well as the need to extend the functional properties of the pavement. The purpose of the study is to determine the prospects of development and directions of improvement of asphalt concretes. The aims of the research are to analyse the works of domestic and foreign researchers aimed at examining the characteristics of asphalt concrete by introducing additives and new components into asphalt concrete mixture and identify the directions of asphalt concrete development. Results. During the research review, four main vectors of asphalt concrete development were identified. The first one is aimed at the introduction of additives able to provide self-healing of pavement microcracks when microwave exposure is used. The second vector is more promising and can rather be attributed to the concept of "smart" materials, where the input additives provide an opportunity for asphalt concrete pavement to use technologies widely used for intelligent transport systems due to the electrical conductivity of the mixture. The third vector is related to the search for options to replace the main binder (bitumen) with other types of binders or to evaluate the possibility of using combinations of binders, such as cement and bitumen simultaneously. The fourth vector is aimed at evaluating the additives introduced directly into the asphalt concrete mixture itself in the form of various fibers, both of natural origin and artificially obtained. The range of applied fibers is very diverse and the works devoted to these researches are quite numerous. Conclusions. The results of the researches allow establishing modern tendencies in the development of asphalt concrete coatings and estimating perspective additives in asphalt concrete which provide increase in operational characteristics and formation of new demanded properties of coatings that gives the grounds for further researches.

Problem statement. When designing steel reinforced concrete railway bridges over the carriageway, there is often a question of limiting the height of the structure due to the fixed elevation of the bottom of the bridge. In order to achieve the required strength of such structures, it is necessary to increase the thickness of walls and flanges of the steel part of the beam while the working height remains unchanged, which leads to considerable overconsumption of metal. One way of solving this issue could be the use of composite beams of a new type, where the steel I-beam is partially brought into the concrete of the compressed zone. The study is aimed at determining the stress-strain state of steel reinforced concrete beams of the new type on the basis of numerical experiments. The tasks of the study are computer modeling of the deformation and fracture process of the calculated models and a comparative analysis of the results. Results. Numerical modeling has been used to reveal the spatial operation of steel reinforced concrete structures. A numerical experiment was performed using the ANSYS software package in the Workbench shell. The computational model was corrected according to the results of in-situ tests by other authors. According to the results of the calculation, the deformations and stresses in the beam were obtained. A comparative calculation found that taking into account the true cross-section of the model increases the load-carrying capacity of the structure by 10%. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the construction industry lies in the fact that they allow estimating more accurately the bearing capacity of the proposed new type of steel-reinforced concrete beams section. The results of the study can also be used for the introduction of new types of beams in Russian standards of steel reinforced concrete design and development of new methods of calculation of such structures.

Formulation of the problem. Natural ventilation is widely used in buildings for various purposes. When the outdoor temperature drops, the consumption of supply and exhaust air increases, which leads to an increase in the cost of thermal energy during the cold season. The research aimed at eliminating this problem is relevant. To prevent an increase in ventilation air flow, air flow stabilizers can be used - direct-acting regulators or conventional automatic regulators using external energy sources. Stabilizers can be installed on intake devices or on exhaust channels. In multi-storey buildings, exhaust systems are often common to all or several floors. Homeowners could install air flow stabilizers to improve the properties of their ventilation systems. The purpose of the study is to analytically determine the effect of installed flow stabilizers on the change in exhaust air flow in branches where flow stabilizers are not installed, as well as in other sections of the exhaust natural ventilation system of a multi-storey building. The research objectives are: to build an analytical model to study such influence; to perform calculations and determine the change in air flow depending on the floor, on the branch of which there is no flow stabilizer and the change in flow in the rest of the system and the entire system as a whole. Results. Analytical dependencies are obtained and the analysis of the impact of the use of flow stabilizers not on all floors of a multi-storey building is carried out. It has been established that on the floors where stabilizers are not used, the exhaust flow rate increases significantly. Also, the air flow increases in the remaining sections connected in series and in the system as a whole. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the construction industry lies in the quantitative assessment of the impact of the use of stabilizers not on all floors of the natural ventilation system of a multi-storey building, which makes it possible to consciously choose the use of air flow stabilizers when installing such systems.

Problem statement. Purification of natural waters from boron compounds is of scientific relevance, since it allows solving the problem of providing the population with high-quality drinking water. One of the ways to purify natural waters from boron is the ion exchange method. The aim of the work is to conduct research on the removal of boron from water using pressure ion-exchange filters. The objectives of the work are: to study the processes of purification of boron-containing waters in pressure ion-exchange filters with various ion-exchange resins; to determine the effect of filtration rate on the cleaning efficiency; to determine the effect of pressure in pressure filters on the cleaning efficiency. Results. The main results of the research are that the efficiency of water purification from borate ions on various ion exchangers is determined, the influence of filtration rate and pressure in pressure filters for the purification of boron-containing waters is determined. Taking into account the results of the research, a plant for the preparation of water containing high concentrations of boron for household and drinking needs has been developed. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the construction industry consists in improving the quality of the preparation of boron-containing groundwater. The most effective ion-exchange loading and technological parameters of purification of boron-containing waters in pressure ion-exchange filters have been determined. The best result (cleaning effect 71-87%) was shown by Granion D403 brand ion exchanger. Studies have shown that an increase in the filtration rate in ion-exchange filters reduces the efficiency of their work, and an increase in pressure at the inlet to the ion-exchange filter does not affect this value. An installation for the preparation of groundwater with a boron content of up to 2.3 mg/l with a capacity of 200 m3/day has been developed.

Problem statement. The residential architectural environment is one of the main factors determining the physical and psychological health of a person. The COVID-19 pandemic has called into question existing approaches to the organization of domestic architecture. The purpose of the study is to identify the basic principles of organizing the living environment in the context of post-pandemic changes. The objectives of the work are the study of theoretical and practical materials on the topic of research, the classification of approaches at the level of open and closed living spaces. Results. As a result of the analysis of theoretical research and design developments in the field of domestic architecture, based on the identified approaches to organizing a protected residential environment, a holistic, systematic vision of natural processes and the latest technologies, methods and principles for the formation of a residential environment were identified at the levels: organization of urban spaces, open local residential spaces (yard), closed spaces (entrance, apartment). Among them are the principles of walking distance, maximum landscaping, versatility, variability, transformation, adaptability, non-contact, minimalism and resource conservation, as well as sanitary, hygienic, aesthetic and psychological principles. Conclusions. The formed principles and techniques of the architectural organization of the residential environment allow us to create models and design solutions applicable in the conditions of future post-pandemic changes.

Problem statement. The transformation of the urban environment in the historical center of a modern large city is carried out in order to update its quantitative and qualitative indicators due to socio-economic strategic territorial planning programs, in accordance with the current urban planning regulations, in particular for the protection of objects of the historical and cultural environment. To date, the current policy on urban reconstruction of modern historical centers of large cities has led to the formation of typological problems of the functional and spatial organization of the residential environment. In the article on the example of the transformation of the historical quarter of Voronezh, bounded by Nikitinskaya, January 9, Friedrich Engels and Kukolkin streets, the methods and techniques of pre-project studies of the reconstructed area and the specifics of the transformation of a systematic approach in the conditions of reconstruction of the architectural and planning structure, where the limiting factor in the formation and modernization of the urban environment is the security activities of objects of the historical and cultural environment. The purpose of the study is to determine, substantiate and test methods and techniques of a systematic pre-project analysis of the reconstruction area of the historical and cultural environment of a modern city on the example of the reconstruction of the historical quarter of Voronezh. The objectives of this study are to identify the main problems of reconstruction of the historical city center; to identify the stages of pre-project analysis, as well as approaches and methods of functional and spatial organization of the territory in the conditions of reconstruction; carrying out a systematic analysis of the dynamics of the formation of settlement forms and factors determining the nature of their evolution focused on determining a kind of fund of successive historical and urban values; developing methodological recommendations for the study and design of the architectural and urban environment in the conditions of reconstruction of the urban historical center. Results. As a result, six stages of pre-project analysis have been identified, forming directions for the reconstruction of the historical and cultural environment of the central districts of modern large cities. A peculiar fund of successive historical and town-planning values in the studied territory has been identified. Conclusions. The developed methodology and algorithms for the development of a pre-project analysis of the area of reconstruction of the historical and cultural environment can be used to evaluate design solutions at various stages of design. As a result of the research, information about the architectural and planning structure, historical and cultural potential of the development and the modern functional and spatial organization of the historical center of Voronezh has been updated and systematized.

The relevance of the article is due to the fact that there are gaps associated with the practical study of architectural identity in the modern educational process aimed at architecture specialty training. The lack of in-depth knowledge and practical skills in this area leads to errors in architectural design, as a result of which the appearance of cities and settlements suffers significantly. The environment arising in the process of the same type of construction is uncomfortable for living and does not fulfill the main role of architecture as an environment reflecting the socio-cultural values of a particular region. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the application of design teaching methods in the study of the architectural identity of cities and rural settlements. The authors propose a model for organizing the project work of architecture students in the study of architectural identity. The article is intended for teachers of higher educational institutions.

Problem statement. The main problem in the study of the creative path of Jacob-Heinrich Bernardovich Rusch is the lack of information about his life before moving to Kazan. Despite the fact that he is the author of a large number of buildings important for Kazan, including Aleksandrovsky passage, the house of the heirs of D.I.Chernoyarov, the house of M.Sh.Shamil, the house of L.V.Kekin and many others, there are still a large number of inaccuracies in his biography. The work is aimed at studying the period of the life of Heinrich Rusch from 1849 to 1880 as well as his influence on the creative activity and fate of the architect. The objectives of the study are to search, study and analyze materials related to the life of H.B. Rusch for 31 years of his life, in the period from 1849 to 1880, as well as compiling a complete picture of the biography of the architect of this period. Results. The paper presents the results of work on the first identified archival documents of the Russian State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg, namely, the personal file of Heinrich Rusch at the Imperial Academy of Arts. Documents such as a birth certificate, a certificate of graduation from the Gymnasium, an examination sheet for entering the Academy, various applications, petitions, memorandums, letters and testimonies related to the life of Heinrich Rusch and his interaction with the Imperial Academy of Arts were found. Conclusions. Thanks to the revealed materials, many previously unknown facts from the life of the architect were determined, namely the date and place of birth of Heinrich Rusch and his path while studying at the Imperial Academy of Arts, which influenced the further fate of the architect.

Problem statement. The relevance of the research is due to the need to study the traditional brick ornament in the decoration of religious buildings in Kazan in the second third of the 18th and early 20th centuries. The purpose of this work is to identify the architectural and artistic features of the Kazan brick ornament. The research objectives are to study materials related to the origin of decorative brickwork; to identify the features of brick decorative masonry applicable in Kazan. Results. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that the brick decor of the religious buildings of Kazan differs from the capital cities and cities of the Volga region in its national identity in the decoration of facades. Decorative brick elements were borrowed from Eastern, European and Asian countries, and then reworked by the architects of Kazan. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the architectural practice of Russia lies in the fact that by deriving the ornamental features of the decorative brickwork of Kazan during the second third of the 18th-early 20th centuries, it can provide information about the architectural heritage of Kazan. The presented materials can become the basis for further study of brick ornament and comparison of its decor with other architectural decor of Russian cities. Also, the material contributes to the study of the origins of the formation of brick decorative elements of the facade in Kazan.

As large cities grow, industrial production is moved outside the city, while releasing potential reserves for further development of the urban environment. The article is devoted to the identification of approaches to the actualization of historically valuable sites of industrial heritage, as well as to the consideration of examples of Russian and world practice in solving problems of new use of the heritage of the industrial period in modern urban space. The aim of the study is to identify the most effective strategies for the transformation of industrial heritage and trends that can qualitatively improve the urban environment. Research methods: systematic analysis of industrial heritage sites with a comprehensive assessment of the competitiveness of the suggested options for redevelopment of industrial areas with historical heritage. The main results of the study are that the options of effective strategies for the transformation of industrial heritage were evaluated. The significance of the results obtained for architecture consists in identifying opportunities for the development of industrial heritage, in choosing a promising redevelopment option.

Problem statement. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that more than 7 thousand schools in Russia are in need of major repairs and a large-scale state program of major repairs of schools for 2022-2026 has been launched. For the coming years architects and designers have an increasing opportunity to create quality learning environment. This can be done not only by eliminating the physical deterioration of facilities and bringing their characteristics to meet current requirements and standards, but also by modernizing using the principles of "green", bioclimatic and biophilic architecture, which contribute to improving the health and well-being of people. The aim of the study is to approve the method of evaluation of school buildings, based on the use of space-planning parameters of objects, taking into account the principles and techniques of biophilic architecture. Objectives of the study: to evaluate typical projects of schools of the Soviet period, taking into account modern standards of ecological construction, requirements of bioclimatic comfort and biophilic principles, using space-planning parameters specified in the design architectural and construction drawings; consider this method as the primary step for the diagnosis of potential biophilic properties of buildings, visual connection with the environment; make a critical analysis and provide recommendations for the use of this method of assessment Results. The study of Russian and foreign experience in creating biophilic learning spaces showed that preliminary analysis of volumetric and planning parameters of school buildings, can be used to diagnose the potential biophilic properties of objects, such as the efficiency of daylighting, natural ventilation, visual connection with the outside environment. The study critically analyzes the plans, facades, and cuts of typical Soviet school projects from the 1960s-1970s based on contemporary building certification standards and principles of bioclimatic, biophilic architecture. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for architects and designers is that the proposed method makes it possible to give a quick initial assessment of the potential biophilic properties of an object during the development of school reconstruction projects on the basis of the volume-planning parameters of buildings specified in the project documentation without a full-scale survey.

Problem Statement. The article is devoted to the problem of the lack of systematic development of the sector of economic class "0" hotels in Kazan, while at present this segment is the most popular and rapidly developing in the global hotel business. The authors examined 22 objects from different districts of the city with a different number of hotel room capacity, functional tasks and pricing policies. The purpose of the study is to identify planning, urban planning, typological and legislative problems at the current stage of development of economic class "0" hotels in Kazan. The objectives of the study are: study of international experience in the design of economic class "0" hotels; comprehensive analysis of existing economic class "0" hotels in the structure of Kazan; identification of typological features of economic class "0" hotels in Kazan; analysis of the internal planning structure of economic class "0" hotels in Kazan; study of the legal framework of modern design of economic class "0" hotels in Kazan. Results. During the study, approaches to the placement of Kazan economic class "0" hotels in the grid of urban space, the number and groups of users were identified, and a number of key problems related to the design and internal organization of economic class "0" hotels were identified. Conclusions. The study shows that Kazan experience in designing economic class "0" hotels does not yet have a strong legislative and architectural and urban planning base. There are no newly built objects in this segment, but, as a rule, there are objects to a greater or lesser extent adapted for this segment. The significance of the results obtained for architectural practice consists in identifying the prospects for the development of economic class "0" hotels in Kazan from the point of view of urban planning, the introduction of new typologies of economic class "0" hotels, competent renovation of historical buildings and clarification of the legislative framework.

Problem statement. The Syuyumbike Tower is an architectural monument of world importance, which is a part of the Kazan Kremlin ensemble under the protection of UNESCO. It has no exact attribution. The existing hypothetical dating covers the first half of the 16th–first third of the 18th centuries. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the hypothesis about the possibility of creating the Syuyumbike Tower in the Kazan-Khan construction period as an object of civil and religious purposes as a part of the Khans palace complex. The tasks include: identifying analogues of tower architecture of the Islamic Middle Ages, identifying the architectural and typological characteristics of the Syuyumbike Tower in comparison with regional and Eastern Muslim civil-cult tower architecture, as well as with regional fortification and civil tower structures; identification of structural-typological, socio-functional characteristics of Syuyumbike tower in the context of Islamic regional traditions. Results. Based on the analysis of literary, natural and information-illustrative sources, tower-type minarets of the 9th-16th centuries were identified and classified. On the basis of analogues, the types and features of the tower minarets of Bilyar and Bolgar (cylindrical-tiered) are determined, the types of towers are hypothetically determined on the basis of archaeological and historical-architectural research data: «Small town» in the Bolgar settlement (over-gate-tiered type); towers of the Kazan Kremlin: North tower-prismatic structure; fortification-gate at the Tezitsky moat, non-fortification-gate at the Khans court. On the basis of a comparative analysis, the typological characteristics of the Syuyumbike Tower were revealed. Conclusions. Based on the results of a comparative typological analysis, it was hypothetically established that the Syuyumbike Tower is in the context of the Bulgaro-Tatar traditions of tower architecture, tower minarets, which is a natural stage in their development. According to the sum of the identified features, the type of the Syuyumbike Tower was hypothetically established as a gate tower for civil and religious purposes, which has a polygonal-tiered structure; the purpose corresponds to the functions: patrol and observation (control of the surrounding territory), religious (minaret), administrative, astronomical. The significance of the obtained results lies in the substantiation of the scientific hypothesis about the possible belonging of the Syuyumbike Tower to the construction period of the first half of the 16th century as part of the Khans Palace complex, as well as the need for further research based on the latest instrumental methods.

Problem statement. Konstantin Savvinovich Oleshkevich is a well-known architect and professor of XX century, who made a significant contribution to the development of architecture and construction education in Kazan. He stood at the origins of Kazan Industrial Institute and was the founder of the Art Nouveau style. The purpose of the research is to study the little–known period from 1870 - 1900 in his biography. The objectives of the research are: to recreate a holistic picture of life and identify the factors that influenced the creative path of the architect during this period. Results. The results of the research present newly found archival information from the architects life. For the first time in the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan in Kazan Provincial Gendarmerie Department fund, in Kazan, information about the family of Konstantin Savvinovich was discovered. In the Central State Archive of St. Petersburg, where the fund of the Institute of Civil Engineers of Emperor Nicholas I is kept, an architects diploma and detailed information about his institute years of life were found. Conclusions. Thanks to the research done, new facts about the early little-known period of life from 1873-1900 of the Kazan architect K.S. Oleshkevich were identified and brought together. The data that influenced his creative activity and the reasons for moving to Kazan were also discovered and restored.

Problem statement. The main problem in the design and construction of ecological hotels can be called the lack of a unified approach in the scientific literature and in practice to the definition of this type of hotel. A large number of hotels that claim to be eco-friendly are, in fact, not, as they do not comply with the principles of sustainable architecture. The work is aimed at pointing out the architectural and planning features of ecological hotels. The objectives of the research are: to study the modern experience of designing ecological hotels; identification of the typological structure of ecological hotels; identification of the main planning characteristics of ecological hotels; identification of the basic principles of designing ecological hotels. Results. The paper presents the results of a study of the architectural and planning features of ecological hotels based on the analysis of modern experience in the design and construction of such hotels. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the architectural science lies in the fact that it is the first time when the typological structure, planning characteristics and basic principles of designing ecological hotels were revealed.