Problem statement. The primary challenge in the mathematical description of silty–clay soil behavior lies in the multifactorial nature of the processes occurring during soil deformation under complex loading conditions. Weak soils of Saint Petersburg are characterized by a few pronounced unfavorable properties for construction purposes, including high deformability, low strength, creep, and others, which complicates engineering site investigations, the development of mathematical models for weak soils, and geotechnical analysis in general. Undrained simple shear conditions allow for the most accurate representation of clay soil behavior during excavation works and embankment construction. The aim of this study is to identify fundamental regularities in the behavior of weak silty–clay soils under loading in simple shear conditions. The objectives of the research include conducting tests on weak silty–clay soils with intact structure and on soil pastes, followed by interpretation of laboratory test results to describe soil behavior. Results. The paper presents the results of laboratory tests on weak silty–clay soils with intact structure and soil pastes using a simple shear apparatus. The comparison of drained and undrained tests demonstrates significantly lower shear strength values under undrained conditions compared to drained tests. Analysis of effective stress paths reveals the influence of dilatancy and contraction processes on soil behavior during shearing. Intact soil specimens show more complex effective stress paths, with an initial decrease in effective stresses – like those observed in soil paste tests – followed by an increase in effective stresses after reaching approximately 5% shear strain. The obtained strength parameters of the soil paste, and intact soil are compared: the specimens show identical values of the effective internal friction angle and different values of cohesion. Conclusions. The results make it possible to identify the principal processes governing the deformation of weak clay soils under simple shear conditions, specifically the influence of dilatancy and contraction on effective stress paths. The presented laboratory data can be used for the development of mathematical models of weak clay soils

Problem statement. Soil reinforcement is widely used in modern construction. In the course of designing geotechnical structures made of soil reinforced with geosynthetic materials it is necessary to quantify the interaction of the reinforcement elements with the soil. Such interaction is characterized by contact characteristics, namely the friction angle and adhesion at the contact of the geosynthetic material with the soil. Today, the interaction characteristics are in most cases accepted according to tables and recommendations of regulatory documents. In the Russian Federation, the engagement of interaction characteristics obtained during laboratory tests is not applied in practice despite the fact that the national standard is in force, and the methodology and requirements for equipment for conducting laboratory tests to determine these characteristics are set out in it. The purpose of the work is to study the contact characteristics obtained during the tests on geosynthetic material pulling from the soil according to the regulatory documentation. The completed work includes: design and manufacture of a plant for testing the geosynthetic pulling from the soil; determination of the characteristics of geosynthetic material pulling from the soil; analysis of the obtained results; study of the mechanism of operation of the reinforcing geosynthetic element in the soil during the pulling process. Results. The article presents the results of tests on pulling the woven geosynthetic material out of sandy soil according to the method of the national standard. The values of the friction coefficients adopted according to the recommendations of regulatory documents exceed the results of the experimental values obtained during the present studies by 40-70%. In the process of pulling out three characteristic stages of reinforcement behavior have been recorded and thoroughly described. Based on the results of the conducted research, recommendations for conducting tests on pulling of woven geosynthetic material have been formulated. Conclusions. The results of the study play an important role in the design and calculation of reinforced soil structures. The contact characteristics of the interaction of soil with the reinforcing material of reinforcement, obtained during tests for pulling geosynthetic material out of the soil, contribute to increasing the reliability, safety and economic efficiency of such structures.

Problem statement. A correct assessment of the bearing capacity and stability of geotechnical structures requires separate analysis of their behavior in the short-term and long-term perspectives. This distinction is fundamental due to the different responses of saturated soils under rapid and slow loading, which are related to the generation and dissipation of pore water pressure. The methodology involves sequential numerical modeling of drained and undrained loading of a clay soil specimen under triaxial compression conditions. The objective of the study is to demonstrate the finite element method for simulating soil behavior under both drained and undrained loading using effective stress principles. The tasks of this research are to parameterize and verify the Cam Clay model using hypothetical laboratory data and numerical coupled deformation-seepage analysis, demonstrating that differences between drained and undrained soil behavior are determined by drainage conditions and loading rate, rather than by changes in the material model; and to compare the modeling results obtained in Abaqus, Plaxis 2D, and Helwany data with hypothetical experimental results to assess the adequacy of the applied approach. Results: The finite element modeling results demonstrate excellent agreement with hypothetical experimental data, confirming the adequacy of the selected models and the effective stress–based approach. It is shown that the key factor governing soil behavior is the rate of load application relative to the rate of filtration. Under drained conditions, strength is defined by effective parameters – effective cohesion and internal friction angle – whereas under undrained conditions, it is governed by the undrained shear strength. Conclusions: Modern finite element complexes that use coupled analysis allow for uniform modeling of soil behavior by varying only boundary conditions and loading rates, making them a powerful tool in geotechnical engineering practice. The use of coupled deformation-seepage analysis and constitutive models based on effective stresses enables, within a single computational framework, the accurate prediction of both the manifestation of undrained shear strength under rapid loading and the realization of effective strength parameters – effective cohesion and internal friction angle – under slow loading

Problem statement. The main problem for ensuring the safety of buildings near landslide-prone slopes is the lack of time and geotechnical data to assess the risks of secondary slope processes. The aim of the work is to assess the slope stability and predict the risks of its secondary collapse or impact on two nearby buildings, as well as to develop preventive measures using the example of an emergency site in Tobolsk. The research objectives are: 1) to develop the stages of engineering and organizational measures that allow creating an algorithm of actions aimed at minimizing the risks of further deterioration of the geotechnical situation, taking into account geotechnical uncertainty; 2) to conduct a systemic analysis of the factors that determine geotechnical uncertainty at the site under consideration. Results. The results of the slope stability assessment by numerical modeling in the MIDAS software complex based on the strength reduction method are presented. The calculations were performed based on archival data, surveys from adjacent slopes, soil samples from the collapse zone, and express survey data. The calculations took into account the potential deterioration of soil properties under technogenic soaking. It is shown that under conditions of uncertainty, the stability factor can be either greater or less than 1.0, which indicates high risks for the buildings. Two stages of emergency response measures are proposed: strengthening the foundations with bored injection piles and subsequent reinforcement of the slope with a retaining wall with anchors and surcharge. After receiving the report on the actual geological data, additional calculations were performed, which confirmed the effectiveness of the solutions. Conclusions. The analysis of the results made it possible to identify justified measures that increase the stability factor and reduce deep-seated movements. An optimal reinforcement scheme ensuring the required reliability has been developed. The significance of the results lies in the possibility of applying the proposed approaches to minimize the risks of emergency situations during landslides near existing buildings

Problem statement. Modern cities grow not only upward but also downward, so deeper soil layers are considered as basements, and the study of their mechanical properties is only just beginning. It should be noted that significant stresses arise under the foundation base, which requires that not only linear but also nonlinear deformations to be assessed during the design process. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of soil water content and mean normal stress on the nonlinear behavior in case of deformation of highly plastic illite clays with a faulted structure under triaxial axisymmetric (stabilometric) loading. The primary objectives of the study, which led to the achievement of this objective, were: creating identical cylindrical specimens from illite clays with a faulted structure and a high clay particle content; developing a test program and conducting triaxial axisymmetric loading; determining nonlinear deformation characteristics of specimens at different moisture contents and mean normal stress values based on the analysis of the constructed graphs and the obtained failure modes; and providing a mathematical description of the volumetric deformation process of a soil specimen with a faulted structure made of highly plastic clay. Results: Experiments under axisymmetric triaxial loading were conducted using soil samples made from highly plastic illite clays with a disturbed structure. Three water contents in the soil samples were considered for analysis: 38%, 40%, and 42%. The main results of the analysis of the conducted experiments are new data on the development of linear vertical and radial deformations, total deformation moduli, and shear moduli of highly plastic clays under triaxial loading, depending on different soil moisture contents and average stresses. The analysis of the research results was performed, and certain patterns in the behavior of clayey soils with a disturbed structure under triaxial static loading were established. Conclusions: Establishing the influence of water content in soil and the value of average normal stresses on the development of vertical and volumetric deformations and on the change in deformation parameters of a sample made of highly plastic illite clay under triaxial stabilometric loading is an important task for the construction industry.

Problem statement. The production of dispersed building materials such as Portland cement and mineral additives involves an energy-intensive process of fine grinding. Technological additives are traditionally used to improve grindability, but surfactants, in particular superplasticizers, which also improve the construction and technical properties of materials, are more effective. The aim of the work is a comparative assessment of the dispersed microstructure of cement clinker and mineral additives ground with a superplasticizer and without it. Research objectives: to determine the grindability of cement clinker, limestone and quartz sand with a superplasticizer; to study the microstructure of dispersed mineral particles of these materials using a field emission scanning electron microscope; to conduct an elemental analysis of dispersed mineral particles to assess the localization of the superplasticizer. Results. Grindability curves of clinker and limestone, unlike quartz sand, showed an exponential dependence with an asymptotic decay of the grinding rate. The addition of superplasticizer accelerated the process only for clinker and limestone, which is confirmed by the growth of the specific surface from 8000 to 10100 cm2/g and from 12100 to 14200 cm2/g, respectively, while for sand it remained virtually unchanged (~13900 cm2/g). Microstructural analysis revealed that particles of all materials have an irregular shape of the "fragment" class with a wide range of sizes. Elemental analysis showed the presence of superplasticizer on particles by an increase in the content of carbon (up to 7.34 wt. % in clinker) and sodium (0.27% in limestone). Conclusions. It was found that grinding with a superplasticizer leads to the formation of highly dispersed particles in clinker and limestone, indicating the effect of disaggregation. It was shown that the additive is localized in clusters of clinker and limestone particles, while in sand it is distributed uniformly. This confirms the possibility of adhesive fixation of the superplasticizer on the surface of mineral materials, i.e. their functionalization during the grinding process.

Problem statement. An important issue in the use of magnesia binders is the formation of free magnesium hydroxide, which reduces the strength and performance characteristics of the products. This study investigates the effect of metakaolin on the physicochemical properties, phase composition, and microstructure of magnesia stone based on caustic dolomite. The aim of the research was to investigate the influence of metakaolin concentration on the phase composition and strength of magnesia stone at 28 days of age, and to determine the optimal concentration of metakaolin. The research objectives were to determine the effect of metakaolin content on the properties of magnesia stone, to analyze the structure and phase composition of magnesia stone upon metakaolin addition, and to establish the optimal metakaolin concentration for forming a stable material matrix. Results. The effect of metakaolin addition up to 20% by mass of caustic dolomite on the strength and density of magnesia stone was determined, and the hydrate structure was studied using X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. At metakaolin concentration of 7–10%, the reduction in compressive strength was minimal (up to 6.4%), indicating the possibility of using such dosages without significant deterioration of performance characteristics for magnesia binders. Microstructural analysis showed the formation of magnesium hydrosilicates and aluminosilicates that contribute to the reinforcement of magnesia stone. Conclusions. Metakaolin actively interacts with the hydration products of magnesia binders, altering the microstructure and phase composition of the magnesia stone. The optimal additive concentration ensures the formation of a stable matrix and the preservation of the material’s strength properties.

Problem statement. In recent years with industrial growth and development, the issue of cleaning and recycling polluted wastewater has been increasingly raised. The most dangerous common wastewater pollutants are heavy metals: chromium, iron, manganese, mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel, etc. To clean wastewater from such pollutants, it is advisable to use the adsorption method. Along with carbon sorbents, natural sorbents based on aluminosilicates are gaining popularity. Among the latter, scientists highlight montmorillonite clays due to their well-swelling structure, capable of retaining ions of heavy metals. At the same time, wastewater often has an elevated temperature, differing from the traditional laboratory test temperature of 20 °C. In this regard, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the initial liquid temperature on iron ion removal during sorption water treatment with aluminosilicates. Based on this objective, the following research tasks were addressed: to determine the sorption capacity of clays for iron ion content before and after sorption processes, depending on the initial liquid temperature, as well as the effect of the initial liquid temperature on pH changes during sorption. Results. For every 20°C increase in the initial liquid temperature, the sorption capacity of clay materials increases by an average of 5% after 30 minutes of sorbate-sorbent contact. Optimal contact time is 30 minutes, however, when the contact duration reaches 60 minutes, the reverse process of desorption occurs. Conclusions. The research results presented in this article have practical implications for the technological treatment of both natural and wastewater for iron ion removal. Furthermore, the use of polymineral clays suggests the possibility of using local natural aluminosilicates as raw materials for sorption treatment, which will increase its efficiency and reduce process costs.

Problem statement. It is known that wind suction occurs at the corners of a rectangular building. According to regulatory standards, the negative pressure coefficient for all building profiles is recommended to be equal to 2.2. The purpose of this article is to determine the maximum wind load on the angular sections of the horizontal section of a high-rise building by numerical calculations. The tasks of the study include conducting two-dimensional numerical calculations of the flow around a square and rectangular prism, conducting a numerical calculation using a rectangular high-rise building as an example, comparing integral and distributed aerodynamic characteristics with available experimental data, and comparing numerical results with regulatory data. Results. Based on the numerical solution in the ANSYS Fluent program of a two-dimensional problem of flow around a separate square and rectangular prism with an aspect ratio of 0.6, the coefficients of drag, lateral force, distribution of the pressure coefficient along the contour of these profiles were obtained. Integral and distributed characteristics were also obtained for a rectangular profile of a high-rise building with an aspect ratio close to 0.6. According to the results of calculations, a significant wind suction is noted on the angular sections of rectangular profiles. The negative pressure coefficient on the edges of a rectangular prism and a rectangular building is approximately 30% greater than that of a square prism. There is a good agreement between the peak value of the negative pressure coefficient for a square prism and the standard value. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry lies in the possibility of using the pressure coefficient on the corner sections of rectangular buildings with an aspect ratio close to 0.6 when calculating the peak wind load for fencing elements and their fastening points.

Problem statement. Ensuring the reliability and stability of monolithic buildings under emergency conditions depends on the design solution, the strength and deformation characteristics of the load-bearing elements and their joints, and the manufacturability of the structural connections. The task has several solutions that are of a recommendatory nature due to the complexity of designing buildings with progressive collapse, which necessitates the development of optimal joint designs. The article compares different design solutions (U-shaped and L-shaped) for the connections between columns and floors, which enhance the resistance of building frames to critical loads that can cause immediate or prolonged collapse. It is an important task to take into account the different nature of the work and properties of the joint elements, the complex stress-strain state, and the extreme work of the materials. The purpose of the work consists in modeling the structural solutions of the monolithic joint between the column and the floor, which increase the resistance of the buildings load-bearing system to progressive collapse, and determining their stress-strain state, taking into account the critical behavior of the reinforcement. The objectives of the study are: calculation of the frame of a monolithic multi-storey building during progressive collapse to determine the maximum stresses in the elements; numerical modeling of the joint and analysis of its stress-strain state, development of an optimal solution for the connections based on the identified features of the joints operation, and development of recommendations for designing connections in the joint. Results. The maximum forces in the joints of columns and floors of a monolithic multi-storey frame under a hypothetical emergency impact are determined, and an option for modernizing the design of connections in the joint is proposed. A multifactorial numerical simulation of the joint is performed, taking into account the effect of tensile forces, and the strength and deformation characteristics are determined, and the excessive work of the reinforcement is taken into account. A solution and recommendations for designing connections in the joint are proposed, taking into account the progressive destruction. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results lies in the fact that the proposed design solution for the joint of a column and a floor of monolithic multi-storey and high-rise buildings and the results of the study can be used in design to increase resistance to progressive collapse.

Problem statement. The soundproofing performance of lightweight frame-and-sheathing structures can be as effective as that of structures made of homogeneous materials. However, the soundproofing performance of frame structures, unlike that of homogeneous structures, significantly depends on the type of fastening of the cladding layers to the supporting frame, the arrangement of frame elements, the presence of sealing and vibration-damping layers, the percentage of air space filled with sound-absorbing material, the influence of the wave coincidence frequency, etc. Currently, standard methods for calculating the soundproofing performance of frame structures do not take into account the full diversity of their design solutions, necessitating experimental measurements. The objective of this study is to obtain experimental data on the soundproofing performance of frame-and-sheathing structures on a double-spaced metal frame. This is accomplished by testing frame-and-sheathing structures with different types of cladding layers in a reverberation chamber and comparing these results with calculated values according to the methodology of the regulatory literature. Results. Using calculation and experimental methods, the frequency characteristics of frame-and-sheathing structures with a spaced framework were obtained. It was found that the calculated values do not agree with the experimental ones in the low-frequency range from 100 to 315 Hz, where the calculations underestimate the sound insulation capacity. It was shown that the presence of vibration-damping tape increases the sound insulation capacity of frame-and-sheathing partitions by 2–4 dB. A two-layer cladding layer of cement-bonded particleboard and gypsum board is virtually identical in sound insulation characteristics to layers of cement-bonded particleboard and gypsum fiber board in a frame-and-sheathing partition system. Conclusions. New data have been obtained on the sound insulation properties of frame-and-sheathing partitions on a double metal frame using various cladding materials. It is shown that the current normative graphical-analytical method for calculating the sound insulation of frame structures can underestimate the final values and requires clarification to take into account the influence of the type of frame system.

In modern architectural science and practice, the problem of preserving traditions is related to the study of both professional and folk architecture. The issues of forming a new identity and the prospects for the development of rural architecture in the era of globalization have not been sufficiently studied. Knowledge about the history of the decorative design of rural estates in previous centuries does not provide an answer to the question of the state of folk traditions in the architectural decor of modern rural estates. Research objective. Identification of the system of architectural decor and features of its formation in a modern rural estate. Research objectives: systematization of the traditional structure of the architectural decor of the Kazan Tatars based on the analysis of existing studies; field research of the architectural decor of modern rural estates; classification of the identified structural elements of architectural decor; comparative analysis of the system of the historically established architectural decor of the Kazan Tatars with the system of decor and the technique of performing decorative elements in residential estates of modern villages of Tatarstan. Results. Three groups of decorative design techniques have been identified in the architecture of modern rural estates: 1) preservation of the basic structural, technical, and compositional techniques and elements of decorative design for residential buildings, gates, and fences (walls), with minor modifications to simplify them; 2) preservation of the basic structural principles of decorative design for buildings, gates, and fences (walls), while modernizing their structural, technical, compositional, ornamental, and color interpretation; 3) significant transformation of the structure and techniques of traditional decorative design, or complete absence of architectural decor, and the manifestation of technical and stylistic influences from professional architecture. Conclusions. The estate remains the main type of housing in rural settlements of Tatarstan. The system of architectural decor of the rural estate as a whole remains stable in the design of the main buildings: residential houses, gates, and fences (walls). The structural elements of the architectural decor of the modern rural estate (house corners, gable, window frames, and fences) undergo various transformations or radical changes in composition, material, and color palette. In the process of transmitting traditions, a "new" identity is formed, while preserving the characteristics of the "old" identity. The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in its contribution to the latest history and theory of regional architecture, as well as in the possibility of using the research results in the preservation and restoration of rural folk architecture, as well as in the design of tourism facilities and other regional programs

Problem statement. By the first quarter of the 21st century, significant experience had been accumulated in the relatively unexplored field of heritage conservation, namely event-related restoration. The authors have identified about 40 cities where restorations have been conducted in connection with anniversary events, highlighting the scale of this phenomenon as a new direction in restoration across Russia (Suzdal, Veliky Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Pskov etc.). The relevance of the research lies in the lack of a systematic analysis of the experience of event-related restoration in Russian cities. The purpose of the research is to identify the characteristic features of the architectural restoration practice using the example of Pskov on the eve of the 1100th anniversary in 2003. The objectives of the research are to analyze the overall concept of works which have been fulfilled to preserve architectural heritage, to identify the types of undertaken restoration work, and to assess the extent of implementation of the proposed activities for transforming the historical and architectural environment in the run-up to the anniversary. Results. A set of measures to prepare for the 1100th anniversary of Pskov has been identified: restoration of the Pskov Kremlin, restoration of cultural heritage sites in the historical part of the city, reconstruction and improvement of the urban environment. The following types of restoration work for the preservation of cultural heritage sites have been identified: conservation, restoration, restoration with adaptation, compensatory construction within the framework of adaptation. It has been established that the identified restoration measures are comprehensive in nature. Conclusions. The comprehensive event-related restoration of Pskov has become a tool for preserving unique ancient architectural monuments, which is consistent with the concept of sustainable urban development.

The relevance of this research is driven by the loss and modification over time and due to various reasons of the architectural and decorative elements of historical residential buildings. The absence of specialized research on the stated topic leads to unjustified reconstructions of cultural heritage sites within the settlement and contributes to the future loss of the historical and architectural identity of the Old Tatar Settlement (Staro-Tatarskaya Sloboda). The object of research comprises the buildings of Tatar merchant estates from the late 18th to the early 20th centuries in the Old Tatar Settlement. The subject of research is the peculiarities of the architectural and stylistic design of the facades of urban merchant estates and houses. The aim of the research is to identify the features of the architectural stylistics of Tatar urban estates in the settlement. The objectives are: 1. To establish the periodization of the development of the architectural and stylistic design of the residential buildings in the settlement from the late 18th to the early 20th centuries; 2. To identify the morphology of architectural elements and decoration; 3. To reveal the peculiarities in the architectural and stylistic design of the estates and residential houses of the settlement as manifestations of the architectural identity of the Old Tatar settlement of Kazan. A comprehensive methodology has been applied to research the architectural and stylistic design of the merchant estates in the settlement. During the on-site survey of the settlements buildings, in addition to traditional methods, the 3D scanning method was employed for measuring complex cultural heritage sites and creating drawings of their facades and elements. The results of the study (conclusions) represent the identified features of the architectural and stylistic design of residential buildings in the Old Tatar settlement of Kazan from the late 18th to the early 20th centuries. The significance of the obtained results lies in the scientific and theoretical substantiation of characteristic architectural elements and decor inherent in the architectural and stylistic design of cultural heritage sites, reflecting the identity of the Old Tatar settlement. It has been established that the architectural and stylistic design of the buildings in the Old Tatar settlement of Kazan in the early 20th century featured a variety of architectural elements and decorations, including classicist, eclectic, national-romantic, modernist-romantic, and other styles. This diversity was shaped by the historical development of the settlement. The architectural and stylistic design of the settlements buildings was characterized by a blending of elements from different morphological series.

Problem statement. Currently, there are ravine territories in the central part of Kazan that require complete or partial renovation to improve the architectural and urban appearance of the capital, its cultural and social development. The purpose of the research is to develop recommendations for the design of public spaces in ravine territories in the central part of Kazan. Research objectives: to study the central part of Kazan in order to identify ravine territories requiring renovation; cadastral analysis of the identified ravine territories; full-scale photographic fixation; study of historical and geological bibliographic sources on the research topic; study of world experience in designing ravine territories in the central part of cities. Results. The results of the research are the authors analytical graphical tables and text recommendations for them. Conclusions. In the framework of this study, it is assumed that the studied ravine territories solve various urban planning, functional and spatial tasks in the structure of urban development. The authors of the study propose to develop the social function of the ravine territories, taking into account the features of the relief and the problems of the existing surrounding development: – at the intersections of major highways it is appropriate to form a terraced public complex with an accent object at a high elevation of the ravine territory; – over the ravine area with railway lines in the central part of the city, it is appropriate to form pedestrian bridges with functional viewing platforms and recreation areas; – in areas with streets at different relief markers, it is appropriate to form a large public facility with different level entrances; – in ravine territories, among the existing residential developments, it is appropriate to form an internal park area for private recreation and rest. – in ravine territories developing along the red lines of development, it is appropriate to form picturesque recreational transit zones connecting the territory of courtyards with sidewalks located along highways.

Problem statement. Currently, many large cities are transitioning to a post-industrial economy, while others are reindustrializing their production base in the structure of modern cities in the context of socio-economic changes. The aim of the study is to identify, systematize, and critically analyze the key stages in the development of concepts for integrating industrial zones into the urban structure to form a prospective model for their placement that meets modern socio-economic and environmental requirements. To achieve this aim, the following tasks were addressed: 1. To examine the development and transformation of approaches to the placement of industrial facilities in the urban structure: from initial industrialization and idealistic models, through strict functional zoning, to contemporary integration. 2. To analyze the impact of different urban planning models on the spatial organization, environmental situation and social structure of the city. 3. To define the architectural and urban planning principles for the placement of industrial facilities in modern urban conditions, based on the concepts of flexible zoning, mixed-use development and sustainable development. The main tasks encompass the analysis of the shift in urban planning approaches from “ideal” models to strict functional zoning and modern reintegration, the assessment of each model’s impact on the city’s spatial structure and the formulation of forward-looking principles for the placement of industrial facilities. The systematization identified four key stages: from “situational” industrialization and rigid zoning to post-industrial redevelopment and sustainable reintegration. The need to abandon rigid regulations in favor of flexible models based on mixed-use development and environmentally friendly technologies was demonstrated, allowing for the combination of economic efficiency and sustainable development principles.

Problem statement. The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on the formation and intensive renewal of a large number of different fields of activity, including construction and architecture. The formation of new directions in the field of industrial production led not only to the renewal of production processes in construction, but also caused the need to revise the formulation of design tasks in architecture. The purpose of the work is to identify new types of urban residential buildings with different planning structures and methods of organizing the object-spatial environment of residential units. The objectives of the study are: the study of compositional and planning schemes of new types of urban residential buildings, as well as the identification of factors that led to the formation of new design directions in the architecture of housing; identification of the specifics of the object content of living spaces. Results. The paper presents the results of the analysis of the planning structures of new types of urban housing and typological characteristics of the tenement buildings. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained is of undoubted interest not only for specialists in the field of studying the history of architecture, but also for the possible application of historically established schemes of planning solutions for housing construction in modern conditions of the formation of the rental and individual housing sector.

Problem statement. The role of night artificial lighting in cities is increasing. Irrational use of architectural lighting, media facades and other lighting elements leads to negative consequences: increased light pollution, deterioration of living conditions near lighting objects, disruption of human biorhythms. In the absence of clear regulatory documents on their brightness and overillumination, there is a need for a detailed study of their impact on vertical illumination in the surrounding buildings at the design stage. One way to solve the problem may be to use vertical illumination cartograms, but the calculation of vertical illumination levels in the urban environment requires scientific development and testing by natural measurements. The purpose of the work is to establish a pattern between vertical illumination in urban development created by a media facade and its brightness characteristics based on natural measurements in the dark time of day. The tasks of the study are: – to make full-scale measurements of vertical illumination near installed media facades at night; – build cartograms of the vertical illumination distribution when the brightness of the glow changes, as well as the type of filling in the information field of the media facade; – compare the measured and normalized values of vertical illumination. Results. The cartograms of vertical illumination distribution in the dark time of day created by media facades were obtained with changes in the brightness of the glow, as well as the type of filling of the information field of the media facade. Conclusions. The need for a standard method for constructing cartograms of vertical illumination in urban development at the design stage is shown, which will facilitate the implementation of the SP and SanPiN standards when designing outdoor artificial lighting.

Problem statement:In the context of rapid urbanization and increasing urban population, the issue of the urban environments impact on mental health is becoming increasingly relevant. Modern research indicates that the characteristics of the urban environment and the nature of urbanization can lead to chronic stress and other psycho-emotional disorders.The aim of this article is to analyze the influence of the physical, social, and visual components of the urban environment on individuals psychological well-being, as well as to identify approaches to creating a comfortable and psychologically safe urban space. The objectives of the study are to identify the relationship between the spatial organization of residential areas and the psycho-emotional state, social interaction, and physical health of the population; to determine which specific planning elements (building density, landscaping, access to infrastructure) have the most significant impact on quality of life; and to develop recommendations for designing an urban environment that promotes improved well-being for residents. A review and systematization of the literature devoted to this topic by researchers in related fields is being conducted. Results: It has been established that rapid urbanization, overpopulation, noise, visual and sensory overload, lack of social connections, and unaesthetic, monotonous architecture negatively affect the psycho-emotional state of urban residents. Studies have demonstrated a linear correlation between the type of urban development and the prevalence of mental disorders. The article emphasizes the role of such factors as aesthetics, predictability, visual diversity, and a sense of place identity in reducing stress levels. The necessity of taking psychological aspects of urban perception into account during settlements planning is substantiated. Conclusions:The urban environment has a significant impact on the mental health of the population. A promising direction involves applying psycho-evolutionary and perceptual theories in urban planning. Integrating psychological perspectives into urban studies can improve urban life quality, reduce the incidence of mental disorders, and enhance city resilience.

Problem statement. The current global trend in assessing the quality of road network services includes a multimodal or comprehensive approach that takes into account the needs of all road users. This approach can be applied at the design level of individual elements or segments of the road network to determine their functional goals, such as increasing the capacity of lanes, street and road segments, and their intersections. This information can influence users decisions about the mode of transportation, such as preferring public transport or cycling over a private car. The purpose of this study is to develop a method for assessing the level of comfort of movement when driving a car. It is proposed to use machine learning models to determine the final assessment of comfort of movement. The objectives of the study are to take into account the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of vehicle movement parameters, to take into account their significance for users based on the results of a sociological study, and to assess the level of comfort of movement using mathematical models, including the use of machine learning methods. The results of the study allowed us to assess the level of comfort of movement from the users perspective, taking into account the selected indicators, to propose mathematical models for determining the level of comfort of movement, taking into account the actual indicators and weight coefficients that reflect the significance of the road network for the user, and to determine the level of comfort of movement for the observed objects using the proposed methodology.

Problem statement. In the context of growing motorization and congestion of the road network, the task of ensuring priority passage of emergency vehicles is especially acute. Violation of the regulated arrival time leads to an increase in the severity of emergencies, and untimely vacating of lanes by other drivers often causes traffic accidents involving emergency services. Existing intelligent transport systems are focused on flow management and recording violations, but do not provide adaptive priority for emergency vehicles. Although artificial intelligence for object recognition has been studied quite well, its capabilities are used to a limited extent for this task. Therefore, the objective of the work is to develop a program using computer vision technologies for automatic recognition of emergency vehicles with the ability to adaptively control traffic. The tasks of the work are to collect initial data for training a neural network by types of vehicles for priority passage, to develop a program for identifying emergency vehicles using artificial intelligence, and to integrate the developed solutions into existing traffic management systems. The results of the experiments showed high efficiency of the developed algorithm in detecting emergency transport in real time. A software prototype has been implemented that is capable of processing a video stream and recognizing the desired objects with the subsequent ability to transmit a signal to the traffic light control system. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the road industry is that the proposed approach opens up prospects for integrating a software product based on computer vision into intelligent transport systems in order to improve the efficiency and safety of emergency services.

Problem statement. The complexity and uniqueness of transport construction projects, reliability and safety of their operation place high demands on the quality of investment and construction projects. Despite a large number of studies in the field of scientific substantiation of quality management processes for designing transport structures, the problem of developing a methodological, regulatory and technical basis for assessing the quality of design teams and the design decisions made cannot be considered solved. The purpose of the work is to develop a comprehensive simulation model that allows substantiating the optimal organizational and technological scheme for project development, taking into account the uncertainty of the initial data and the probabilistic nature of information and resource support for the design process, as well as the economic uncertainty of construction and operation of the designed transport structure. The objectives of the study are to determine the optimal size of the design team; to formulate requirements for the qualifications of specialists included in the group; to distribute functional responsibilities among specialists; to develop an organizational and technological design scheme; to evaluate the quality of the design team. Results. A methodological approach to assessing the quality of the design team’s work in the implementation of organizational and technological schemes for designing transport structures is proposed. Conclusions. The proposed comprehensive simulation model allows us to investigate the impact of design team composition on the quality of design decisions; study the impact of automated design systems and innovative design technologies on the timeframe and quality of decisions; identify a set of measures to reduce design timeframes and improve the quality of transport construction projects; justify the composition of the design team, taking into account the effective and efficient distribution of design tasks among specialists in accordance with their qualifications and experience.

The widespread use of cohesive soils in road construction is constrained by the fact that their hydrophysical and physical-mechanical characteristics deteriorate when moistened. To solve this problem, the work on the use of the method of soil stabilization and strengthening with various binders and chemical additives, including stabilizers, is of the greatest relevance. To reduce the required amount of binders and improve the quality of organo-mineral mixtures, it is promising to use various additives such as surfactants and catalysts, including the stabilizer “Status” developed by the authors. The aim of the work is to study the effectiveness of the stabilizer “Status” in stabilizing and strengthening clay soils for road construction. The following tasks were solved: to establish the effect of the stabilizer “Status” on the compressive strength of clay soils during their stabilization; to determine the physical-mechanical properties of clay soils stabilized and reinforced with Portland cement with the addition of the stabilizer “Status”; to conduct pilot industrial implementation of the stabilizer in the construction of the roadbed and pavement on highways. Results. The stabilization of the soils of the roadbed with the addition of “Status”, at optimal content, provides the opportunity to increase the compressive strength of stabilized clay soils by an average of 7.0 – 12.0%. The physical-mechanical properties of stabilized and reinforced soils with the addition of the stabilizer “Status” correspond to the required regulatory parameters for a refractory loam with a plasticity of 14.0 and a clay particle content of 17.3%, which can be used in the roadbed and road structural layers of highways in climatic zones with alternating temperatures. Conclusions. The pilot implementation of stabilized and reinforced soils with additives of the stabilizer “Status” in the construction of the roadbed and pavement on highways in the Samara region and in other regions of the Russian Federation confirmed the effectiveness of the developed modifier to ensure the possibility of improving the properties of materials and reducing the cost of road construction.

Increasing traffic loads and road traffic intensity, the lack of durable aggregates, and the high cost of transporting them to various regions of the country necessitate the improvement of clay soil stabilization technologies in road construction. One promising approach to improving the efficiency of clay soil stabilization technologies is the use of electrolytes to modify the ion-exchange complex based on the interaction of clay minerals with alkalis and alter the coagulation and sedimentation processes of the colloidal phase of soils, thereby reducing the optimal moisture content and increasing the strength and frost resistance of pavement layer materials. In this regard, the development of a method for modifying stabilized clay soils in pavement layers by altering the ion-exchange complex is relevant. The aim of this work is to study the influence of the “Changes in the Ion-Exchange Complex” modification method on the physical and mechanical properties of stabilized soils in pavement layers. The tasks are to establish the degree of influence of the “Changes in the Ion-Exchange Complex” modification method on the physical and mechanical properties of stabilized clay soils using electrolytes of varying valence; to determine the optimal electrolyte content; to study the effect of the modification method on the pH level of stabilized clay soils; to establish the dependences of the influence of the content of the most effective modifier on the levels of the physical and mechanical properties of stabilized soils. Results. The effective impact of modifying stabilized clay soils on their physical and mechanical properties has been established. The use of electrolytes with lower cationic valence within a single anionic group provides the greatest increase in the alkalinity of the medium and creates more favorable conditions for the interaction of soils with binders. Sodium hydroxide is the most effective of the electrolytes studied. Conclusions. The possibility of using the effective modification method “Changes in the Ion-Exchange Complex” of stabilized clay soils is demonstrated to ensure the required levels of strength and frost resistance for stabilized soils in pavement layers. In road climate zones with frequent seasonal and daily temperature fluctuations, including transitions through 0°C, this method is effective as part of a comprehensive modification program.

The relevance of this study is motivated by the lack of regulatory requirements for the resistance of structural layers of strengthened soil pavements to cyclic vehicle loads, either individually or in combination with weather and climate impacts. As a result, laboratory test data do not reflect the actual operating conditions of strengthened soils in pavements, which may be one of the reasons for unreliable service life predictions. It is known that, under repeated dynamic loading, the material can fail even at lower stresses than those observed in standard tests. Fatigue and relative deformation are recommended as the criteria determining behavior in such cases. Achieving the required fatigue and relative deformation indicators can be achieved by using a method of integrated modification of strengthened soils in the construction of pavement layers. The objective of this study is to improve the stability of strengthened clay soils under cyclic loads from vehicles and weather and climate impacts in road pavement structures. The objectives are to select compositions of complex-modified strengthened clay soils for road base layers in road climate zone III; to establish the dependence of changes in compressive strength and relative deformations of complex-modified strengthened soils in dry, wet, and freeze-thaw conditions on the number of cyclic load applications. Results. A pilot test setup was developed and a methodology for accounting for cyclic loads was improved. Dependences on the number of loading and freeze-thaw cycles for changes in compressive strength and relative deformations of strengthened soils were obtained. Conclusions. Increasing the resistance of strengthened soils to cyclic loads from vehicles and weather and climate impacts in road pavement structures will contribute to increasing their service life when using complex modification methods.