Problem statement. The task is to identify the specific characteristics and typological features of the wooden architecture of the coastal areas of Kazan at the turn of the 19-20th centuries. Results. The architecture of the coastal areas of the Volga and Kazanka was dominated by manufacturing, warehouse and transport facilities; on the banks of Bulak, Caban, Black Lake – buildings of public and recreational purpose. The wooden, mainly professional architecture represented a variety of types of temporary and fixed buildings for inter-seasonal use. The style of architectural decisions was based on the use of frame-panel structures with limited inclusion of a simplified eclectic decor. Conclusion. The significance of the results obtained lies in the methodology for analyzing the wooden development of the coastal areas of a large historical city of the Volga region, using the example of Kazan, as well as in the architectural description of objects and the identification of typological features of structures located in different morphological zones.

Problem statement. The aim of the article is to trace the formation of the architecture and the subject environment of the city mansion as a new social, functional, planning and architectural object, formed taking into account the traditions of the Tatar people and the influence of the European style. Result. Changes in the mansions of the city of Kazan touched, first of all, its functional-subject filling. The interior was greatly enriched at the expense of penetration into the life of the items of urban furniture and appliances. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the architecture consists in revealing the techniques of designing a city Tatar mansion under the influence of the European style and the national peculiarities of the Tatar architecture, which can form the basis for designing during the reconstruction of the Tatar mansion.

Problem statement. In order to understand the changes accumulated in the field of architectural, building design, as well as the practice of urbanization over the past hundred years, it is necessary to trace the transformation of the ideas of sustainable design. Results. The main result of this study is the classification of the ideas of sustainable approach in design in the 20th century. Within the framework of this work, the classification is proposed, which is a five-stage, divided by the «paradigm shift», which formed the architectural discourse and practice, which we observe today. Four out of five of these phases were mainly due to the basic reductionist paradigm that determined the stability of the architecture and buildings. The reductionist paradigm is mainly aimed at reducing the negative impact of the building on environmental efficiency. However, we are on the threshold of a paradigm shift that relies on sustainable interaction between man and nature. This paper describes the historical progress and various stages of modern sustainable architecture and explores the sustainability paradigms associated with these stages. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the architecture consists in determining the key elements inherent in each stage of sustainable design. On the basis of these elements and the study of the experience of past generations, it is planned to put forward possible options for the transformation of the ideas of sustainable design at the present time.

Problem statement. Identification and systematization of characteristic deformations of spacer systems, determination of the nature and degree of engineering intervention, in the process of restoration or conservation of religious buildings. Results. The analysis of work of arches under the influence of destructive factors is given. The reserves of spatial spreading systems of the masonry structure and the possibility of reconstructing the initial working patterns in the process of centuries-old exploitation are revealed. The paper presents duplicating schemes for various types of deformation; systematization of characteristic types of deformations of cylindrical, cross, closed and baptismal arches was carried out and traditional places of their localization were revealed. The proposed engineering-analytical approach to researching the technical state of centuries-old spacer systems can serve as a reference point for the development of reconstructive measures and the determination of the scope and content of reconstructive interventions. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the architecture is that the revealed regularities and changes in the working schemes of the spacer systems in the process of action of the destructive factors make it possible to make corrections to the traditional research technique in assessing the technical state of the spacer systems and calculations related to predicting the loss of their stability.

Problem statement. Recently, for the growth and development of modern cities, water plays an important role. Water creates space with excellent conditions for rest and walking. It forms the structure of the city, increases the value of urban spaces. Particular attention is paid to the revitalization of urban waterfronts and former harbors, as well as to improving the quality of their architectural and spatial organization. Sustainable development of waterfront territories plays an important role for the city in an environmental crisis and increases its chances in the struggle for a competitive advantage between cities. To date, modern approaches and principles for sustainable development of urban waterfronts have not been fully explored. The purpose of the study is to analyze examples from modern foreign practice of waterfronts design, study principles in the aspect of sustainable development, their systematization and classification. Results. The main results of the study are to identify the principles for sustainable development of urban waterfronts. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the architecture is to identify the principles for sustainable development of urban waterfronts, which can form the basis for the design of new waterfronts.

Problem statement. The purpose of this article is to review the methods of renovation of former industrial territories, the analysis of existing implemented projects. Results. The main result of the study is the model of the system of public spaces on the territory of the former industrial zones of the city of Kazan, the development of which takes into account the design experience. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the architecture is that the proposed direction of development of public spaces on the basis of analysis of world and domestic experience will ensure ecological and economic improvement of the urban space and strengthening of the social interaction of the city’s residents.

Problem statement. The article is devoted to the development of urbanized landscape architecture in modern cities. The purpose of the study is to identify universal principles for the formation of landscape-integrated architecture in urban fabric. Results. The actual directions of the urbanized landscape architecture are revealed and the ways of solving the main problems of the urban landscape are considered with the help of urbanism and resource saving techniques. A review of analogues of different scale and degree of interaction with the landscape of the urban environment is presented. Conclusions. The significance of this study for architecture is that the formulated principles of landscape-oriented design can be widely implemented in the architecture and planning of modern cities, creating a more comfortable and efficiently maintained environment with a developed ecology and infrastructure.

Problem statement. The volume of electricity consumed by sports buildings around the world is growing steadily. The purpose of the article is to study alternative energy sources, to find the optimal solution for achieving low energy consumption in sports centers by comparing solar energy and any other sources; to reduce the cost of maintaining a sports center. Results. Analysis of domestic and foreign experience in the operation of energy sources in sports buildings allows to identify alternative energy sources to provide energy to sports centers. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the architecture consists in revealing the principles of sports facilities maintenance with the help of alternative energy sources, which allows saving on the operation of buildings. Identified alternative sources of energy can be the basis for the design of new sports centers, which in General will affect the economy of the city/region/state.

Problem statement. The purpose of the study is to show the possibility of global construction in the water area of the Russian Federation region, to reveal the principles of resource-saving during construction on a water frame, in the period of global construction it is necessary to consider all possible types of construction on different planes, including on water. Results. The main results of the research are to deduce the principles of resource conservation in the construction of architectural objects on the waterframe, namely: the reuse of water resources, the application of the concept of green infrastructure, the use of tidal energy and mills, the capture and reuse of rainwater, the use of waste water as an energy resource, solar a battery on water (double reflection) and the use of river flows (wind under water). The scientific article provides an analysis of modern ways of resource saving and alternative energy sources, their adaptation to the architecture on the water frame. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the architecture is that these principles will allow us to formulate the canons for the construction of a new typology of architecture in the region of the Russian Federation.

Problem statement. The purpose of the article is to study physical criteria for the sustainability of medical centers, their impact on human health on the basis of studied foreign materials and research, and to identify a new level of resistance of medical complexes as a health architecture. Result. The main results of the article include generalization, analysis and conclusions from books, articles and experience in designing medical complexes. The result of the work was the table, which formulated the main trends in the design of modern sustainable medical complexes. Conclusions. The significance of the results for the architecture consists of what reveals the area under investigation and provides a practical resource in creating a comfortable and healthy environment for those responsible for the design and operation of such facilities. The criteria for ensuring a more healthy level of the environment, improves the public perception of medical institutions and increases the effectiveness of organizations.

Problem statement. In the article the formation and variety of a new type of public closed spaces – «creative spaces» – is considered for the first time. The analysis was carried out on the functional structure of significant, successfully working creative spaces of Russian capitals: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan. Before the author was the task to reveal not only the typology of closed creative spaces, but also to disassemble their functional structure, as well as the structural connection and interaction of creative spaces with urban environment. Results. As a result of the research, the typology of existing creative spaces was arranged according to the location in the urban environment (integrated, built-in, stand-alone, complex) and by the prevailing functional purpose (business, educational and club-entertainment). The author identified the functional structure of creative spaces with the release of the core basic functions that determine the main purpose of the creative space) and additional functions. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the architecture consists in revealing the typology of creative spaces and considering their functional structure. The given material can be used for theoretical definition and understanding of creative spaces, for designing in practice of similar objects, and also for development of new typology in educational process.

Problem statement. The purpose of our research is the development of the principles of architectural planning and town planning organization for modern medical diagnostic complexes of various levels of organization in the conditions of active technical and technological support of medical and preventive institutions. Results. The main results of the research are the development of a flexible architectural and planning structure of health facilities based on a mobile medical diagnostic unit. The obtained data allowed creating planning schemes for medical diagnostic blocks (MDB) using the module-cell. Conclusions. The significance of the results for the architecture lies in the fact that the proposed principles for the organization of MDB in the future with a detailed study of the design and technological solutions will form the basis for recommendations on the design of medical centers of different functional orientation for different environmental conditions.

Problem statement. The purpose of the article was to analyze the main problems associated with railway lines in the city, as well as possible ways of renovating the railway areas. Results. The main results of the research are in structuring the main problems of the railway areas and their solutions, compared with domestic and foreign examples and methods. Conclusions. The significance of the results for the architecture consists in the ability to correlate the problem of a specific railway areas with the method of its solution, based on the study carried out in the article.

Problem statement. The article deals with reflecting surfaces integrated into the spatial environment of the city. The task is to identify the main stages in the evolution of reflecting surfaces. Denote the levels of the spatial system of the city from the point of view of the use of reflecting surfaces in it. Based on domestic and foreign practice, to analyze the techniques of visual transformation of the spatial environment of the city on the basis of the properties of reflecting surfaces and their influence on the determination of the atmosphere of the environmental solution of urban spaces. Results. The main result of the study is the identification of the main types of visual transformation of the spatial environment of the city (multiplication, increase, fusion and deformation of architectural objects and the subject matter of the environment). Of particular importance is a brief overview of the placement of reflecting surfaces in architectural practice (integration of the plane of the earth in the plane, in the subject forms of urban design, in a separate architectural volume). Identification of the main stages of the evolution of reflecting surfaces. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the architecture consists in creating highly comfortable, emotionally saturated, actively interacting urban spaces. A variety of possibilities for integrating reflective surfaces with architectural forms and objects of urban design and visual transformation based on the basic properties of reflective surfaces.

Problem statement. To study the effect of temperature on the reinforcement rod made of fiberglass, as well as on the bearing capacity of beams reinforced with fiberglass composite rebar (FCR). Preparation of recommendations for the protection of the FCR in the structure from thermal effects. Results. The experimental data of strength and deformation characteristics of FCR, the results of tests of beams reinforced with FCR, according to the scheme of 3-point bending, taking into account and without taking into account the thermal effects, as well as the percentage of decrease in the strength of beams reinforced with FCR, due to heat treatment. Conclusions. The significance of the results for the construction industry is the possibility of expanding the scope of application of concrete structures reinforced with FCR. Based on the results of experimental studies, the analysis of the results obtained and recommendations for the protection of FCR in concrete structures from high temperatures were given.

Problem statement. The main purpose of the investigation is to use the internal stressed-deformed state of the steel-concrete composite beam for self-stressing. Solved the problem of prestressing a composite steel beam with the account of shrinkage of concrete and the introduction of a temporary support on the effect of operational loads (temporary support removed). Expressions of internal forces (moments and other internal forces) for the composite section are recorded, and numerical experiments on the analysis of the self-stressing process of the beam are carried out. Results. The main results of the investigations consist the identification of a number of principal positions of the stress-strain state of the self-stressed steel-concrete composite beam and the evaluation of numerical results of beam research without prestressing and self-stressing. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is to identify the stressed state of the beam of the composite section from the shrinkage of concrete with of internal stresses for self-stressing the beam. The obtained dependences can be used in the construction of beam structures of the composite section in new construction and in the restoration of the floors of architectural heritage buildings.

Problem statement. The aim of the investigation was to reveal the peculiarities of the stress – strain state of the load-bearing system of a multi-storey building under seismic action, taking into account the accumulated damage, to develop an analytical expression to determine the shear compliance of the column joint and overlap in a monolithic multi-storey building. Results. The main results of the study consist in obtaining an analytical expression for the evaluation of the shear compliance of the column joint and overlap on the basis of the analysis of numerical simulation of the carrier system under seismic action, taking into account the time factor. Conclusions. The significance of the results for the construction industry is the possibility of assessing the shear compliance of the column joint and overlap, reflecting the operation of the load-bearing system taking into account the time factor in the design of multi-storey frame buildings in seismic areas.

Problem statement. The aim of this paper is to develop a method for determining bearing capacity of prefabricated power coating of plates with gearing «groove-ridge». Normative base of calculation of such coating is missing, and therefore requires scientific substantiation and development. Results. Considered the working conditions of plates with gearing «groove-ridge», against the effects of vertical load. For current case adopted option unsupported pinching rectangular plates between the four adjacent slabs. Basic information about the size of the bearing capacity of the plates is obtained in situ test method test specimens (slices) of «groove» and «ridge». When the cooker is designed shall be calculated and shall be based on compliance with existing regulatory development. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the construction industry is that the developed method for determining the load-bearing capacity can be used in the organization of the production of groove plates at the plant of reinforced concrete products. The design of tooling for the organization of the test plate elements in the factory proposed.

Problem statement. Maintenance of the estimated air consumption and reduction of heat losses during the cold period of the year in natural exhaust ventilation systems can be carried out with the help of airflow stabilizers. The aim of the study is to determine experimentally the local pressure loss at various positions of the movable member of the stabilizing device, as well as the forces arising from the action of the air flow on the movable member of the stabilizing device. Results. An experimental installation was developed to study the properties of a stabilizing device, an accuracy evaluation was performed, and a series of experiments was performed. From the processed results of the experiments, data were obtained with the help of which the dimensionless characteristics were determined: the coefficient of local resistance of the devices ? and the coefficient k, which describes the effect of aerodynamic force on the moving element of the device. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the construction industry consists in the applicability of the obtained experimental results for the development of designs of airflow stabilizers of the type considered, which significantly reduces the consumption of thermal power in the cold season.

Problem statement. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors that affect the operation of ground heat pumps for long periods of operation. For the efficient operation of a heat pump with a vertical ground heat exchanger, optimum favorable conditions and locations for future wells should be selected during design. Results. The main results of the study are that the annual drop in ground temperature will gradually decrease under conditions of alternating regimes. The process of regeneration makes it possible to compensate for the «missing» values of the heat load. At the same time, the volume of the soil massif, subject to a change in the temperature regime, will expand from year to year. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is that the results of the theoretical and experimental studies carried out can serve as the scientific basis for the design and technical and economic evaluation of geothermal TNUs, taking into account long-term forecasts of their operation parameters, and also taking into account the cyclic operation of the TNU.

Problem statement. The work is aimed at the development of optimization solutions for increasing the energy efficiency of heat networks of closed district heating systems. Results. The method of calculation and design of pipeline heat supply systems is developed, where the main part is the developed method for determining the optimal parameters of the heat supply system from the source to the consumer and the methodology for determining the temperature schedule of load regulation with the aim of optimizing energy consumption on the heat source. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for heat supply systems is that it is possible to achieve minimum losses and operating costs in a heat network. The effect of optimization is the ability to reduce the calculated temperature schedule, which will result in saving natural gas at the source and reducing the cost of thermal energy. These methods will allow to choose the most energy efficient, rational and optimal design solutions when building new and modernizing existing district heating systems.

Problem statement. In the preparation of natural and waste water, rapid pressure filters with granular loading are often used. When washing fast filters with granular loading, sewage is formed which amounts to 10-20 % of the capacity of the filter station. The concentration of suspended solids in washings varies greatly and reaches 1,200-1,500 mg/l according to literature sources. This article is devoted to the purification of washings from suspended solids. The purpose of the research is to reveal the qualitative characteristics of the washing effluents of the fast pressure filters with granular loading, and also to develop a technology for their purification. Results. The main results of the study consist in determining the qualitative indices in the washing effluents of the fast filters, depending on the content of suspended solids in the initial and purified water under various technological washing regimes. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the housing and communal services is to determine the qualitative indicators of the washing effluents of the fast pressure filters and also to develop a technology for their purification that will allow the use of washings in the systems for the preparation of natural waters, as well as to reduce the discharge of contaminated washing effluents of the fast filters in surface sources or drainage system of settlements.

Problem statement. The goal of the study was in researching the effect of asphalt granulate and additive «Sasobit» on the properties of the cast asphalt mixtures. Results. The main results of the study are improving the physical and mechanical properties of cast asphalt concrete while reducing the manufacturing asphalt mix temperature and asphalt concrete mixtures patching temperature at 20°C, at the expense of the adding of old asphalt granulate and additives «Sasobit» in the amount of 0,3 % the addition of asphalt granulate and additives «Sasobit» in the amount of 0,3 % Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the construction industry is to ensure the quality of the production of cast asphalt mixtures while reducing their cost, in creating conditions for increasing the production of cast asphalt for the building, repair and reconstruction of roads.

Problem statement. The aim of the work is the development of a cast road concrete mixture on the basis of asphalt-granulate for the construction and repair of road and airfield coatings. Results. On the basis of asphalt-granulate and mineral materials of sedimentary origin of deposits of the Republic of Tatarstan, cast non-shrinkage sulfur-concrete mixtures were obtained. It has been established that sulfuric concretes obtained as a result of self-compacting of sulfur-concrete mixtures have relatively high compressive and bending strengths of up to 20 and 12 MPa, respectively, and low water absorption, and the effect of plastification of mixtures is due to the surface interaction of asphalt granulate particles coated with asphalt with a melt of sulfur. During the hardening at the interface, a transition layer is formed, which increases the cohesive strength of the sulfur concrete structure. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the road construction industry is to reduce the amount of direct financial costs for the production of asphalt and cement concrete, including the purchase of high-strength crushed stone from igneous rocks and the possibility of expanding the range of construction materials with new road-building mixtures.

Problem statement. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the possibility of using population-based search algorithms to solve problems of structural and parametric optimization in construction design. Results. The main results of the study are the development of a general approach to solving structural and parametric optimization problems from different areas of construction design, that can be formulated as a network graph. The redundant scheme of the project is defined as a network of nodes and links, containing a sufficiently large number of possible solutions. The task of structural optimization is reduced to parametric optimization by introducing sequential numbering of constructive elements of the project as variables, where the zero number corresponds to the variant with physically possible, but unrealistic, characteristics for the representation of elements, the inclusion of which to the project is inappropriate. The formulation of the optimization problem takes into account the fulfillment of the equilibrium conditions and additional constraints corresponding to the content of the project. The particle swarm method is used as a method of optimization. The results of test calculations for hydraulic network and truss structure are consistent with known solutions. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the construction industry is the confirmed effectiveness of the particle swarm method in combination with the use of redundant circuits for solving problems of discrete structural and parametric optimization in construction design.

Problem statement. During the construction of country houses the most popular material for bearing walls is a ceramic brick. However laying from a ceramic brick labour-consuming and long-lasting. To reduce labor intensity, prefabricated brick walls have been developed. The purpose of the study is to identify the most optimal variant of construction of enclosing constructions of walls of low-rise buildings on the basis of their technical and economic comparison. Results. The main results of the study are the analysis of three methods of construction: 1.Traditional laying; 2. Prefabricated brick walls; 3. Reinforced concrete panels. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry consists in increasing the speed of erecting low-rise buildings, reducing labor intensity and the cost of erecting low-rise buildings using prefabricated brick walls.

Problem statement. The purpose of the study is to study the causes of the formation of defects and damage to plaster coatings of building facades made using traditional monolithic technology, their classification and analysis. Results. Examination of the facades of brick buildings was carried out and the most characteristic defects and damages of the plaster coatings appearing during the construction and operation of the objects were revealed: the formation of cracks and voids, the detachment of the plaster from the base, the loss of decorative qualities. A classification of the factors influencing the appearance of these defects and damages is proposed, and their analysis is performed. The main directions of solving the quality and longevity problem of plaster coatings are formulated. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is to clarify and develop the classification features of defects and damage to facade plaster coatings, which is necessary to determine the causes of their occurrence and to choose the appropriate repair technology.

Problem statement. The work of the lifting mechanisms of the load of building cranes refers to a re-short-term operation, which is characterized by the number of inclusions from 60 to 360 per hour, depending on the mode of operation. Each cycle has three periods of operation: start and acceleration, steady motion, braking and stopping. During the periods of starting and braking loads, there are large dynamic loads from the lifting of the load and from the rotating parts of the drive, which negatively affect the strength of the elements of the mechanism and the overload of the drive source. The purpose of the study is to find options for reducing dynamic loads in the lifting mechanism. Results. Calculation of the mechanism of lifting the load according to the specified parameters is carried out. The mathematical values of the dynamic loads from the lifting of the load and from the rotating elements of the drive are determined. It is established that the dynamic moments from the rotating elements of the drive are 19 times greater than those from lifting the load. Practical methods of reducing peak loads by reducing the moment of inertia of the coupler, fabricating it from composite materials and increasing the starting time of the electric motor are shown. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is to significantly reduce the effect of dynamic loads during start-up and braking on the elements and source of the drive, and increase the resource of its operation and productivity through the use of composite materials for the manufacture of the coupling.

Problem statement. Pipeline is the main part of the engineering and communication infrastructure of all residential and industrial buildings. The service life of engineering systems depends entirely on the quality of the pipes and their insulation. The purpose of the research is to study the technology of manufacturing and installation of pipes in polyurethane foam PE insulation. Results. The article deals with the processes of manufacturing pipes in polyurethane foam PE insulation, the technology of their installation, revealed the main defects, inconsistencies and causes of their occurrence. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is to clarify the features of the quality control system in the manufacture and installation of PPU PE pipes. It is established that the cause of numerous defects is a poor-quality incoming inspection, as well as operational control in the manufacture and installation of pipes in polyurethane foam PE insulation. The composition of operations and means of quality control for the installation of pipelines are proposed.

Problem statement. The purpose of the study is to develop an expanded polystyrene concrete mixture using crushed expanded polystyrene and local raw materials of the manufacturing enterprise «Kazanskii Domostroitelnii Kombinat» («KDSK») to create the energy-efficient wall blocks. Results. The four experimental compositions were tested. The analysis of the results revealed the optimal composition of expanded polystyrene concrete for producing the heat-saving wall blocks class according to average density D600 and compressive strength B2,5. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is to increase the efficiency of buildings thermal protection through the use of energy-saving wall blocks made of expanded polystyrene concrete. In addition, the proposed solution to the problem of recycling the waste polystyrene at the enterprise «KDSK» contributes to increasing the economic and technological efficiency of the enterprise itself.

Problem statement. Expanded polystyrene concrete is an effective heat-insulating material, used for the most part as wall blocks. Today the increased interest in monolithic construction creates the need to develop new and improve existing technologies for the use of monolithic expanded polystyrene concrete in wall structures. The purpose of the study is to develop an efficiency construction technology of monolithic expanded polystyrene concrete building envelope. Results. The model of large-panel formwork made of ABS-plastic was developed for concreting monolithic walls using an expanded polystyrene concrete mix. The technology of erection of monolithic enclosing constructions of buildings from expanded polystyrene concrete is offered. Technical and economic indices are determined. The construction schedule of monolithic structures from expanded polystyrene concrete, reflecting the timing and sequence of production, is also presented. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is the ability to reduce the complexity of construction and installation work on the construction of cost-effective monolithic building envelope.

Problem statement. The purpose of the research is to improve the working process for drawing a solid line (types of lines 1.1, 1.2.1, 1.3, etc. in accordance with GOST R 51256-2014) road marking aimed at increasing the lifetime of a continuous line of road marking and reducing the financial costs for the implementation of these works. Results. The main results of the study are to offer a more advanced method of applying a continuous line of road marking based on the use of designed milling equipment that creates a groove for marking, as well as a minor modernization of the auger screw of the existing road-marking machine KONTUR-700TP. As a result, the hot thermoplastic feed is increased when the road marking is applied to a pre-milled groove with a depth of 5...7 mm and, thereby, a guaranteed increase in the life of the applied marking. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the road construction industry is to develop a new method for applying a continuous line of road marking and new milling equipment to a road marking machine. It is established that the continuous line of road marking applied by the proposed method is more durable in operation, and the method itself is more economical in comparison with the applied ways of applying road marking.

Problem statement. The solution of the problem of developing new sleepers designs ensuring their quality improvement, reducing the cost and prolonging their service life by ensuring the damping of the sleepers with vibrations and shocks during rolling stock movement. Results. Sleepers serve as supports for rails and the main purpose of sleepers is to transfer the pressure from the rails to the ballast prism and to ensure the consistency of the track width and the stability of the track. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction of railways is that the proposed construction of glued wood sleepers is resistant to temperature changes compared to reinforced concrete sleepers and its service life reaches 39-40 years.

Problem statement. Nowadays the actual problem is the development of theoretical methods of rating the durability of building constructions operating under the co-action of force factors and aggressive environments. The purpose of the research is to create the mathematical model describing the degradation process of concrete under the influence of salt solution allowing calculating the load capacity at different times and giving an estimate of the durability of the construction. Result. The task of diffusion of salt solution into concrete and a task of crystallization of this salt in the pores of concrete are considered. An example of processing of the result of the experiment to determine the liquid diffusion coefficient in concrete is given. The solution is carried out at finite differences of time and coordinates. The ratio is proposed in the form of a differential equation for determining the salt crystallization speed in pores of concrete and its solution. Shows the results of experiments to determine the durability of the samples exposed by the effect of salt solution for three and six months. An estimation of the effect of the crystallized salt weight in the pores of material on strength properties is presented. The dependence of concrete durability on the concentration of salt in it is approximated by the function that makes it possible to determine the value of durability at different points of the wall at a certain point of time. Conclusions. The significance of the results for the construction industry is the ability predict fall of load capacity of the concrete wall over time affected by the salt solution.