Problem statement. The article is devoted to revealing the experience of formation of architectural and town-planning objects interconnected with water structures. Results. Aquamorphological features of urban spaces of modern times are revealed. Based on the analysis of scientific research and practical experience, a classification of architectural objects interacting with water is suggested: drive object, water-containing object, underwater object, water-structured object, surface object, floating object, water-green plant. The city-forming, ecological, climate-regulating, composition-spatial, form-forming, decorative, resource-saving properties of water used in architecture and town planning are revealed, a table of water effects on the types of architectural and town-planning objects is presented: a drive object, a surface object, an underwater object, a floating object, a water-structured object, a water-containing object, a water-green plant. The main approaches to the creation of aqua-architecture objects are revealed. Conclusions. At the present time a special kind of architecture is being formed, the instrument of which is natural components, in particular water. A wide range of compositional techniques of aqua architecture opens access to unique solutions, radically changing the idea of the possibilities of architectural shaping. Water in architecture includes a wide arsenal of means of humanizing the environment of life.

Problem statement. The purpose of the study was to reveal the peculiarities of formation and development of the architecture of early Christian churches. The main results of the study are as follows. Results.1. With the birth of Christianity the functionality of religious buildings has been radically changed. In times of persecution the conduct of religious rites occurred in structures designed for other purposes. Features of space-planning decisions of such structures as synagogues, houses, crypts and chapels of the catacombs, basilicas, to a greater or lesser extent influenced the formation of a new type of architecture of religious buildings. 2. Despite the rejection of previously used structures such as spacer arches and thick walls, many items of antiquity found its continuation in the structure of Church buildings: the apse, covered by conch, a courtyard surrounded by porticos etc. 3. Almost in all observed churches spolii are used as part of the destroyed ancient building, and form of buildings depends on the surviving foundations, which are located underneath the early development. 4. In addition to the basic types of church buildings – longitudinal and centric, stands the third type – the combined one, more complex, based on a combination of linear and centric space-planning elements; this technique is typical for large antique ensembles – terms, palaces. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the architecture is the confirmation of continuity in the emergence of a new type of buildings and the formation of architectural styles.

Problem statement. The aim of the work is to conduct a special research devoted to the study of the creative activity of the architect I.G. Gainutdinov (analysis of realized and unrealized architectural objects performed by I.G. Gainutdinov personally or in co-authorship with other architects; analysis of scientific works and publications of I.G. Gainutdinov; revealing the periodization of the creative path and the evolution of architects style preferences). Results. A complete list of realized and unrealized projects, scientific works and publications of I.G. Gainutdinov has been compiled; the periodization of project and scientific activity has been revealed and every creative period of the architect has been described. I.G. Gainutdinovs role in the overall development of the architecture of the USSR in the 30-60s of the XXth century has been determined. Archival materials have been put into scientific circulation. Conclusions. The following basic creative achievements of the architect I.G. Gainutdinov were revealed: 1. The study of folk traditions in architecture, the application of its progressive aspects into modern creative practice and the training of scientists on the problems of national and regional identity at the level of the whole country. 2. Study of ceramics in architecture and raising the artistic quality of the countrys construction by using ceramic materials on the facades of buildings. 3. Development of residential buildings of a new design, which produced a great economic effect during the period of industrialization in the USSR.

Problem statement. The purpose of the study is to reveal features of formation of architecture of the class clubs as one type of multifunctional complexes of Kazan. Results. The main results of the study are that functional fullness and architecture of class clubs of Kazan, the style of architecture of these buildings were detected. Conclusions. The significance of the results for the history of architecture is that class clubs of Kazan studied as multifunctional complexes – prototypes of the modern cultural and entertainment buildings, clubs, palaces of culture, etc. Found that class clubs of Kazan has evolved into a nationwide and European basis; the building was carried out for special projects or reconstructions and combine one or more pre-existing buildings; for buildings class clubs was characterized by symmetric-axial composition; the combination of spectacular cultural entertainment, shopping, business, catering, residential, educational and other functions; design of facades and interiors of buildings was carried out in eclectic style.

Problem statement. The purpose of the study is to explore the formation of tradition in the construction of baths-hammam, and to identify the features of their architecture in the medieval cities of the Volga-Kama region. In the vast bibliographic and full-scale material examines the development of stone public baths for over six and a half centuries during the periods of existence in the region of several medieval Muslim States. Results. The main results of the study are that the existence of a continuous tradition of building public baths-hammam in the Volga-Kama region of Eastern Europe for over six centuries. Common in Muslim countries type of bath-hammam in the cities of Volga-Kama acquired space planning and construction and technical features. Conclusions. The historical and scientific significance of the results lies in the fact that you have: 1. Not the research into the problem of historical and architectural science; 2. Continuity in the dissemination and development of baths-hamams in the Volga-Kama region for six and a half centuries, which contributed to the addition of traditions with the construction of this type of structures in the region; 3. In the history of medieval architecture of Muslim countries, the distribution of this type of buildings includes the most northerly location of the region of Volga-Kama. 4. The climatic differences of the region from the traditional distribution area of the baths-hammam in the Eastern Muslim countries has led to the emergence of features in the architectural and planning solutions of this type of buildings: traditional scheme with a minimum of areas of functional purpose, the construction of the vestibule and additional stoves, protection of vaulted-domed roof of the building from cold and precipitation by their thickening, the construction of decks and wooden roofs. 5. Identified building traditions and the architectural features of the baths-hammam of the Volga-Kama region allows to revive this type of public buildings in cities and settlements of Tatarstan.

Problem statement. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the wider public-preserved wooden elements of the bastion was erected in 1703 by decree of Peter I, which for nearly 300 years was hidden now by the existing walls of the fortress. Information about the constructive solution of the original wooden Bastion were contradictory, and noted that the existing fortress repeats the shape prior, and the construction in stone began immediately after the erection of the wooden Bastion. Results. In the framework of the restoration were revealed fragments of a wooden bastion, and its foundation were identified structural diagram of the key load-bearing and enclosing structures, including foundations. Conclusions. The significance of the work lies in the fact that the authors are previously unknown graphic materials and pictures obtained during the engineering and historical-cultural studies [5, 6], reveals previously unknown facts about the existing architectural elements.

Problem statement. The goal of the research is to identify and summarize the facts related to the environmental approach and targeted design using the example of the project of the Exhibition Hall of the Union of Artists of the TASSR. Results. The study revealed that: - The principles of the environmental approach were formulated by the theorists of the Soviet architecture in the 70-80-ies, in parallel with the similar stylistic trend of «contextualism», and influenced the design of objects of modernist architecture of the late XXth century. - Analysis of the project of the Exhibition Hall of the Union of Artists of the TASSR, developed by the architect G.A. Bakulin on the basis of the environmental approach, revealed the main aspects of the method of environmental design in key positions: the consideration of the cultural and historical aspect, integration into historical development, the composition, scale, plastic structure of the building. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the architecture is to identify the methodological aspects of the environmental approach that can be used in the design and architectural practice of today. The analysis of the project of the Exhibition Hall of the Union of Artists of the TASSR increases the knowledge about the history and value of regional architecture.

Problem statement. PATH (road/path), is the largest shopping complex, which plays a big role in the economy and cultural life of the city. The purpose of the article is to study the prerequisites for the emergence of an underground city in the central part of Toronto and the history of its construction. Results. The analysis of theoretical studies made it possible to trace a number of principles for the use of underground areas for the construction of public buildings in cramped urban conditions. Identify the structure of location and interconnections of individual structures with existing land structures, as well as a two-level linkage between public, private transport and pedestrian links Conclusions. The revealed principles of the architectural and spatial organization of such complexes or their separate parts can form the basis for the design of fragments of city structures of megacities.

Problem statement. The aim of the work was to rethink the concept of realism as an art method, in modern conditions, with reference to the architectural environment. The influence of the method of «socialist realism» on works of art. Results. Considered are vivid examples of the synthesis of sculpture and architecture in history, beginning with Ancient Egypt, ending with modern competitive works in the field of arrangement of urban public spaces. The role of ideology in the formation of the image of artistic works, examples of sculptures decided in the style of «socialist realism» – in memorial complexes, parks, in public pedestrian zones. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the architectural environment is in understanding that with the change in the image of the city, «realism» inevitably changes, acquiring a new «color», form, creative method. There are many interpretations of the concept of «realism», but they are united by one – a truthful reflection of reality, in the world art this method has always existed today. The more accurately reflected the main aspects of the life of the society, the needs and aspirations, the more realistic the work. Synthesis of architecture, sculpture, «water architecture» and «architecture of light», geo-plastics of the earth enriches the urban environment, making it more comfortable for the townspeople.

Problem statement. The purpose of the article summarizing the masters thesis of the graduate of KSASU in 2014 was the justification of the prospects for the development and implementation of temporary architecture in public spaces of cities in spite of the state policy in Russia to eliminate temporary structures from central urban areas. Results. On the basis of generalization of theoretical, historical preconditions and modern international experience in the use of temporary public facilities, the urgency of their development in modern quality is proved, the typology of town-planning, functional and composition solutions is revealed, the potential of modern composite solutions enhancing the quality of public spaces in Russian cities is shown. Conclusions. Temporary architecture is the most responsive to the needs of the population in the field of trade and leisure, can in various ways effectively fill the city «emptiness», act as the most accessible platform for the creative manifesto of architects, and has the ability to express the modern ideals of flexibility, ease and mobility.

Problem statement. The purpose of the research is to create a classification of modern markets in terms of their volume-planning structure, study foreign experience in designing market spaces, identify new typologies that have emerged through the symbiosis of several architectural units. Results. The main results of the research consist in the formation of a classification of market spaces, the identification of a new typology and their use in the design of trade and market spaces. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the architecture consists in creating a new approach in the design, by the symbiosis of several functions of space and the formation of a new architectural space of markets.

Problem statement. The aim of the work is to analyze and systematize the experience of designing the Cosmonaut and space travelers’ training centers, with the conceptual solutions development for the spatial organization of the territory and the creation of an architecturally harmonized environment for comfortable training conditions for cosmonauts and center staff. Results. Based on the experience gained in designing the Cosmonaut training centers, the main composition of buildings and structures necessary for the implementation of the complex’s activities was identified. An enlarged zoning scheme for the territory containing a list of buildings within certain zones is presented. The requirements for the most priority buildings related to simulator training process and medical research have been determined. Within the framework of the work carried out the conceptual decision of the general plan of the territory of the Cosmonaut training center and the volume-spatial composition of the complex as a whole was submitted with the resolution of the buildings image of modern means of architecture. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the architecture consists in the development of conceptual bases for the design of the Cosmonaut training centers and recommendations in the solution of the architectural and artistic image of buildings, for creating a harmonized spatial environment of the complex.

Problem statement. The article deals with the interrelation of application of the principles of living structures’ analogies in architectural space, and also describes a new approach to organization of the urban environment that allows harmonizing the life of a human in a city. Results. The main results of the research consist in obtaining classifications of architectural objects based of living structures’ analogies (functional-spatial – transformation of internal elements, constructive – change in overall dimensions of the project, interactive – external and internal transformation of the architectural shell, decorative and light-color – change in visual and semantic characteristics of an object). Conclusions. The analysis has proved that using living structures’ analogies in the architectural space will allow creating a living, interacting with a human, self-growing, developing and functioning architecture that will let us fill the habitual understanding of formation of the architectural environment with a new meaning. Architecture, which has some signs of the natural organisms’ life – is one of the most optimal ways to extend «life» to a construction.

Problem statement. The aim of the research is to reveal the principles and methods with the total adaptation of the urban environment to the bicycle infrastructure. To define concepts of the principles revealed on the basis of the analysis of foreign experience of bicycling. Form a new typology of the architectural space of an accessible urban environment. Results. The main results of the research consist of the presented methods and identified principles in the design and planning of the cycling infrastructure based on the analysis of foreign cycling experience. Taking into account the spatial planning, functional and technological method, applying the principles of continuity, safety, environmental friendliness, mobility and accessibility when introducing bicycle infrastructure to the urban environment, there is a need for an integrated approach. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the architecture consists in the formation of a new typology of urban space. The gradual introduction of the bicycle infrastructure entails changes in the architectural space, the reorganization of the street and road network, the creation of an accessible environment for pedestrians, bike users and low-mobility groups of the population. Almost all the city is being rebuilt.

Problem statement. The aim of the article is identification of the ways of reorganization of the existing system of a natural complex of the large industrial city directed to the solution of the acute environmental problems which have developed in Magnitogorsk, which is the development centre of the largest iron and steel plant of the country. Results. As a result of a research the characteristic structure-forming factors influencing formation of a city natural framework of Magnitogorsk are revealed and analysed. There are given the results of assessment of the natural complex of the city and the direction of its functional, planning and landscape reorganization. Conclusions. The importance of the received results for town-planning science consists in identification of the planning receptions directed to transformation of the existing natural complex to a steady natural framework – the landscape and ecological system promoting permission of urban environmental problems and further sustainable development of the city.

Problem statement. In order to take creep into account, there is a need for experimental studies of the strength of the wood with a prolonged effect of the load. Results. It is possible to calculate the total relative deformations of wood in the tests for transverse bending taking creep into account. A technique for testing specimens for transverse bending is proposed. Conclusions. The importance of the proposed methodology for the construction industry is to form an approach to the definition of differentiated values of the modulus of elasticity of wood, depending on operational factors and the duration of the load. The obtained results will allow to take into account objectively the creep process of wood when calculating wooden structures.

Problem statement. In this work tasked to explain the mechanism of the concrete «strain hardening» which observed in experiments under tensile mechanical stress – from start of loading to the moment preceding appearance of the visible macrocrack. Results. To do this, the analysis of the analogies in metals and alloys studied by theoretical and experimental material. In the end, based on the model of Conrad the obtained inequality to estimate the tangential stresses corresponding to the end of «strain hardening» in cement stone (concrete). Conclusions. The significance of the results for the construction industry is the application of dislocation theory to the explanation of the process of «strain hardening».

Problem statement. The purpose of the work was to identify the stressed-deformed state of steel-reinforced concrete beams on the basis of a steel I-beam, reinforced with flexible rods along the envelope of the bending moment diagrams. Results. By varying the strength parameters of the reinforcement and concrete, the span of the beams, considering various reinforcement options, numerical results are obtained of the bearing capacity of composite steel-concrete beams of different structures and span. Experimental studies of two series of beams have obtained the strength and deformation parameters of the tested beams. The experimental data are compared with the results of analytical calculations and computer simulation. Conclusions. Comparison of the results of numerical studies with the data of experimental studies confirmed the good convergence of results and the profitability of reinforced concrete reinforced beams reinforced by the envelope of the moment diagrams.

Problem statement. The aim of the research is the development of a new, more economical metal consumption, the structural form of frame frames for industrial buildings made of lightweight metal structures (LMC), as well as the study of its behavior under load and the definition of the field of application. Results. The main results of the study are to study the effect of splitting of the cornice knot on the stress-strain state of the force elements of the frame. Also, the article presents options for constructive study of nodal connections, and presents the results, which are the basis for further study and improvement of the investigated frame. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the construction industry consists in the novelty of the structural form of the frame structure of industrial buildings, which is more economical by the criterion of metal consumption in comparison with some typical frames of industrial buildings. Also, the development of the nomenclature of standard LMC will increase the competitiveness of domestic factories and producers, in comparison with foreign ones.

Problem statement. Development of a numerical methodology for calculating a multi-storey reinforced concrete structure for durability. Results. A technique for determining the resource of a multi-storey reinforced concrete residential building under the influence of static and dynamic loads has been developed, and the service life of the structure has been determined. A finite-element model of a multi-storey residential building has been constructed, taking into account changes in the class of concrete and variation of the wind pulsation load. Numerical experiments were carried out for long-term strength. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the construction industry lies in the fact that the durability of a multi-storey reinforced concrete residential building increases with increasing class of concrete. Also, longevity grows with a reduction in the number of floors of a multi-storey reinforced concrete residential building. When the ripple of the wind load increases, the durability of the building falls.

Problem statement. The problem of the bending of a reinforced beam under transverse loading is considered. It is believed that the total deformation consists of an elastic part and a creep deformation. The elastic part is connected with the stresses by Hooke’s law. The variants of the connection of stresses and deformations of creep in the form of the laws of flow and hardening are investigated. To estimate the life of the beam, the parameter of Rabotnov’s damage, connected with the stresses by a differential relation, is introduced. The deformation of the fibers along the height of the beam during bending is assumed linear according to the Bernoulli hypothesis. For the closure of the system, equilibrium equations are added in the form of a connection in the section of stresses with normal force and a bending moment. The system of equations under consideration is solved by the method of finite time differences. On the longitudinal coordinate at each time step we obtain an algebraic equation with respect to the curvature of the beam. Results. The dependence of the distribution of stresses on the height of the beam section for different values of time is determined. Durability is determined from the condition that the parameter of damage is a unit value. The solution of the problem is carried out for various variants of mechanical characteristics. The results are presented in the form of graphs. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is that this calculation technique makes it possible to evaluate the durability of the reinforced beam.

Problem statement. The purpose of the work is to identify the effect of the concrete strength and endurance increasing in high-strength concrete using on the consumption of steel reinforcement, as well as assessing the possibility of reducing the concrete per set volume to reduce the reinforced concrete frame’s main structural elements cross-sectional dimensions in the series 1.020-83/1. Results. A comparison of the material intensity of the main structural elements of the reinforced concrete frame on the series 1.020-83/1 is made using conventional and high-strength concretes. The calculations were performed for the 1st and 2nd groups of limiting states, both for standard sizes of typical elements and for reducing the cross-sectional dimensions to the minimum possible. Conclusions. The use of high-strength concrete B100 instead of B20 and B30 in the basic structural elements of the reinforced concrete frame on the series 1.020-83/1 reduces the consumption of steel 2 times, reduces the crack opening up to 2 times, and in some cases eliminates the possibility of cracks, and also makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of the cross-section of columns and crossbars, thus reducing the volume of concrete for making the basic structural elements of the frame.

Problem statement. The work is devoted to the study of the stress-strain state, the reconstructed object of the architectural heritage, a complex configuration, with vaulted structures. The problem is solved with the use of volumetric elements in the design scheme of the building. Results. The stress-strain state of the carrier system, the regularities of the influence of damages on the bearing capacity and suitability for further operation, with recommendations for further application are determined. Conclusions. It is established that the main reason for the overvoltage of vaulted ceilings is the absence of a rasp, from the vaults that have been dismantled and replaced by flat ceilings, which should be compensated by the distance from the neighboring vaults, as well as the remaining steel puffs.

Problem statement. The purpose of this work was the formation of a set of the most specific Russian terms, definitions and concepts that are often used in the tent construction theme, and the corresponding English analogues. For this purpose, a large number of domestic and foreign publications were analyzed. Results. The result of the work was a short list of Russian terms in the field of awning structures. To each, an English translation is selected and a brief description of the application or definition of its concept is given. The proposed list includes only the terms that are specific to the field in question. Conclusions. It is necessary a broad discussion of the proposed list of tent terms by specialists with a view to adjusting and further development. Such work can become the basis for the development of a single terminological standard in this field and will be a useful tool not only in translation of publications, but also in teaching and training of specialists.

Problem statement. The development of mullion structures meet the requirements introduced by the new standards. Results. This development is a collapsible foundation for support, which includes separate reinforced concrete blocks in the form of prisms installed on the surface of the base and pulled together by horizontal strings, and anchor devices for supporting the supports. The reinforced concrete blocks are made in the form of hollow prisms consisting of walls and square bottoms, and the strings are made in the form of bolts that tighten the walls along the top and bottom, while the anchoring devices for fastening the supports are made in the form of anchors on the bottom of the central prism and horizontal spacers between the support and the walls of the prism in its upper part. Conclusions. Significance for the construction industry is that a new type of prefabricated base can be used for advertising structures and supports for overhead lines from 1 to 10 kW. The obtained numerical results confirm that the bearing capacity and deformability data of the required foundations from the action of design moments are provided.

Problem statement. The main goal of the performed studies is to study the features of deformation of clay soil of the disturbed structure under regime cyclic loading with an increasing level of vertical load taking into account high levels of lateral stresses. To date, there are no data on the results of studies under this loading regime. Results. As the main results of the research, one can note the receipt of new data on the peculiarities of the development of relative vertical deformation in dependence of different values of deviator stresses of the cycle in the samples under high levels of lateral stresses. On the basis of the performed analysis of the results of investigations, certain regularities in the behavior of clay soil samples were established under regime cyclic and long-term static triaxial loads. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the construction industry is to study the features of the deformation of clay soil samples of the damaged structure under the change in the loading regime at high lateral stress levels, as well as in determining the influence of the vertical load of the cycle on the stress-strain state of clay soil and its deformation rate. It is established that the previous loading significantly affects the rate of development of vertical deformations of the sample, that is, the deformation characteristics of the clayey soil of the disturbed structure.

Problem statement. The main goal of the performed studies is to study the parameters of strength and deformation of clay soil under conditions of triaxial compression under block regime cyclic loading. To date, there is no data on the results of studies under this loading regime. Results. Experimental studies of the strength and deformability of clay soils of a triaxial compression ?1 ? ?2 = ?3 under block regime cyclic loading are carried out. A distinctive feature of experimental studies is that they are performed in three-axis prismatic compression devices with a 100?100?200 mm aspect ratio. Regularities of changes in the main soil characteristics during transitions to blocks of high and low stress levels have been established. New data are obtained on the regularities of deformation of clay soils under regime block cyclic loading. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is to investigate the deformations of vibration creep and the changes in fatigue resistance to the destruction of clay soils under triaxial regime block cyclic loading. It is established that the stress-strain state, deformations and fatigue strength of soils vary depending on the sequence of alternation of blocks with different values of the maximum load of the cycle.

Problem statement. The purpose of the study is to reveal the effect of water saturated layer to stress-strain state of a layered subsoil base of the slab foundation. Result. The main results of the study consist in obtaining a picture of deformation for layered subsoil base in the presence of water saturated layer with an underlain by a waterproof layer. Compressive stress distribution diagrams in the horizontal plane of each layer of layered subsoil base and in the vertical plane in depth are obtained. Direction of a vertical filtration water in the subsoil base are determined. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction area is to establish the influence water saturated layers on inhomogeneous stress-strain state that changing in the all of volume in the process of loading. Pore water influences to stress-strain state all of multilayered base including overlying layers of the soil, increases capillary pressure, causes deformation of form change.

Problem statement. To improve the thermohydrodynamic efficiency of tubular devices, it is necessary to develop new designs for heat exchange elements that are characterized by high thermal efficiency, manufacturability and low production costs. In this regard, the authors proposed a series of helical pipes with a high degree of development of heat exchange surfaces Results. Mathematical models of pipes with a helical heat exchange surface of various configurations are constructed in this paper. The parameters included in the mathematical models allow us to investigate and further optimize the internal geometry of the pipes. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results for the construction area is that the proposed heat exchange elements are installed in innovative heat exchangers installed in individual heat points. In addition, that a strict mathematical description of pipes with a helical heat exchange surface will allow using modern computer technologies when manufacturing the proposed heat exchange elements.

Problem statement. The aim of the study was to study numerically the spatial flow of air in a straight section of the duct with the help of the Fluent software package for various channel shapes (the channel cross-section was taken in the form of a circle, ellipse, oval, rectangle). The results of numerical simulation are compared with the experimental data and calculations of other authors. Results. The main results of the study are that such forms selected channels, which have the least resistance, which will reduce the energy consumed by the ventilation system. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is that the friction coefficients of pipes of non-circular cross-section are found. The optimal shape of the channel cross section is, of course, the circle. However, the ducts of the flat-oval cross section have the closest coefficient of resistance to the data of the circle, which indicates the advisability of using such channels.

Problem statememt. The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for calculating air-intake devices of various geometries for stationary and non-stationary operation modes. Results. When removing harmful emissions from the process equipment used air inlets of various designs. The high efficiency of such devices depends on the accuracy of the calculation of these devices, providing a given volume of air being removed. The air flow rate is regulated by the air intake area by changing the flow coefficient, which is determined by the proposed calculation procedure. Conclusions. Significance for the construction industry is the ability to calculate the air receiver device of any geometry for stationary and non-stationary modes.

Problem statement. The paper presents the results of a numerical study of the flow in a channel with a middle lateral supply outlet, and a jet flowing out of this orifice. Despite the fact that this situation is often encountered in the construction of ducts for ventilation and air conditioning systems, data on pressure losses in such orifice and in the channel when air passing it are very scarce. The question of distribution of such jet is also not sufficiently studied. Results. With the use of the Fluent CFD software, the dependence of local resistance coefficient change at the exit from the lateral orifice, and when passing by it from the airflow ratio are obtained. The lengths of the upstream and downstream influence zones in the channel are found. All the main characteristics of an isothermal jet are determined: the kinematic coefficient of the supply outlet, the angle of inclination of the jet axis, and the analytical description of the longitudinal velocity profile in its cross sections. Conclusions. The use of the obtained dependences allows to clarify the existing methods for calculating air distribution, as well as aerodynamic calculation of ventilation and air conditioning systems.

Problem statement. The purpose of the research is to identify the qualitative indicators of rainwater in Kazan, as well as to develop a technology for their purification. Results. The main results of the study are to identify the physico-chemical characteristics of the rainwater sewage of Kazan, the analysis of which will allow us to offer the technology to clean them. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is that the analysis of the qualitative indicators of rainwater in Kazan allowed to propose a technology for their purification.

Problem statement. To flood productive horizons in order to increase the pressure in oil-bearing formations, oilfield wastewater is used, which are formed during the preparation and processing of crude oil. With insufficient volumes of oilfields, water from surface sources is used. This article is devoted to the preparation of technical water, which is used to inject oil fields into injection wells. Results. The article presents data on qualitative indicators of water from surface sources used to flood oil-bearing horizons in order to improve oil recovery. Also, technological schemes of plants designed for water purification from surface sources from suspended solids are proposed here. These plants allow reducing the concentration of suspended solids in purified water to 10 mg / l. Conclusions. Studies of the purification of technical water from suspended solids in pressure cylindrical hydrocyclones, as well as in hydrocyclone units (hydrocyclone-sedimentation unit, hydrocyclone-filter unit) are promising and of practical significance for Russian oilfields.

Problem statement. The aim of the study was to establish the nature of interactions between the components of a complex modifier (a hyperplasticizer based on polycarboxylate esters, a hydrophobizer based on potassium silicates and metakaolin), and the effect of a complex modifier on the properties of cement stone using the IR spectroscopy method. Results.The main results of the study are that a higher degree of crystallization of calcium hydrosilicates is observed in the presence of a complex modifier, which causes high physical and mechanical characteristics of the modified self-compacting concrete. It was revealed that the preliminary mixing of the superplasticizer and the water-soluble hydrophobizer in the complex modifier in its preliminary preparation not only does not reduce the effectiveness of the modifiers, but also binds them into a single component. It has been established that chemisorption of CH bonds is a superplasticizer. In this case, the introduction of metakaolin in the complex modifier leads to a chemical interaction of its components with the conversion of C-H bonds to other structures, apparently chemically related to metakaolin. Conclusions.The scientific and practical significance of the results of the work for building materials science and the construction industry is to establish the effectiveness of the preliminary mixing of the superplasticizer and hydrophobizer in the preparation of complex additives.

Problem statement. The aim of this – the determination of the composition of hydration products at 28 days blended cement stone with a complex additive based on calcined polymineral clay and carbonate rock with calcite content of 99 %. Results. Using X-ray diffraction and Differential scanning calorimetry the composition of hydration products of blended cement stone at the age of 28 days of curing with the complex additive of calcined clay and limestone was determined. Using the results of XRD and DSC it shown that the use of 20 % of a complex additive calcined polymineral clay and limestone in blended Portland cement can significantly reduce the formed portlandite content, to increase the number of new formation in the form of low-basic calcium hydrosilicates and calcium hydrocarbosilicates as the amorphous phase, which leads to increased strength characteristics. The calcium hydrocarboaluminates formation leads to stabilization process of ettringite formation. Conclusions. Significance of the obtained results for the construction industry is in expanding the range of blended Portland cement by the use of available mineral raw materials for the production of complex additives.

Problem statement. Evaluation of physical-mechanical and exploitative properties of cement concretes with polyfunctional additive and its comparison with existing analogues are the scopes of present study. Results. The main results of the research are that the developed admixture with plasticizing-accelerating-strengthening action is not inferior known analogues in its properties to frost resistance and water impermeability in concrete, and also lowers water absorption and exceeds modulus of elasticity, prismatic strength and shrinkage in comparison. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is that concretes with the developed additive increase the durability of concrete, namely, corrosion resistance (according to Moskvin II and III type of corrosion, respectively, alkali resistance, sulfate resistance).

Problem statement. The purpose of the work was to assess the possibility of using technical waste of non-metallic raw materials for building materials. Results. The tails of enrichment of zircon-ilmenite sands have been investigated as a depleting additive of raw mixtures of building ceramics and aggregate for concretes and mortars. The possibility of extracting small-sized muscovite from tailings of enrichment of gold-bearing ores, glauconite from overburden rocks of the deposit of zeolite-containing raw materials was studied. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry lies in the expansion and reproduction of the raw materials base of the building materials industry through the use of technogenic polymineral raw materials (tails of enrichment of zircon-ilmenite sand of Umytyinskaya area and gold-bearing ores of the Olimpiadinskoye deposit, overburden rocks of the Tatar-Shatrashan deposit) and the development of resource-saving technologies. With the use of tails of enrichment of zircon-ilmenite sands, it is possible to obtain stone-concrete and wall marks for the strengths of M50, M75 and M150, mortars of M75 and M150 grades, ceramic bricks of M75-M250 grades. Muscovite concentrates correspond to the properties of small-sized mica of industrial type «Mica milled» and can be used to create special coatings, in the production of ceramics, construction solutions, paints, etc. Glauconite concentrates are suitable for the production of paints and volumetric staining of building materials.

Problem statement. The aim of the work is the development of effective road asphalt based on crushed stone from low-strength unclaimed mineral rocks of sedimentary origin. Results. Based on low-quality crushed stone from sedimentary rocks, a high-strength construction crushed stone of grade M1000-1200 was obtained, by its surface treatment with a melt of sulfur. It is established that crushed stone has a number of positive properties: hydrophobicity, a relatively high brand of crushing and frost resistance, low water absorption. As a result of the interaction of the asphalt binder with the surface of the gravel particles, a gradient layer is formed at the interface, which increases the cohesive strength of the asphalt concrete structure. It is established that asphalt concrete on the basis of reinforced rubble meets the requirements of GOST. Conclusions. The organization of industrial production of crushed stone treated with sulfur and asphalt concretes on its basis would allow reducing the amount of direct costs for the purchase of high-strength crushed stone and from igneous rocks and its transportation, reduce the estimated cost of construction and repair of highways.

Problem statement. The purpose of this study is to study the physico-technical and physicomechanical properties of quick-setting compositions based on fine-grained electric steel-smelting slag produced by PJSC «Izhstal» (Izhevsk, Russia) before and after their mechanoactivation. Results. The main results of the study are that the mechanoactivation of the quick-setting formation allows to increase the time to 20 % in comparison with the results that were not subjected to short-term joint grinding of the constituent components. Conclusions. The significance of the results for the construction industry is that it contributed to the successful introduction of compositions that allow satisfying the conditions for rapid setting and hardening of the mortar mixture. It consists in a short-term joint grinding of all components. Also, grinding positively affects the strength of fast-hardening compositions while reducing the gypsum content in them to 5 %.

Problem statement. The article substantiates the effectiveness of the use of non-shrinkage concrete for the production of seamless industrial floors and suggests their use instead of topping which have operational disadvantages. Results. We proposed an organic mineral additive that provides the effect of expanding concrete and we studied the technological features of the application of the additive. The composition of high-strength self-compacting heavy concrete is developed, characterized by increased performance and durability. Conclusions. Significance for the construction industry is to develop non-shrinkage concrete with additives for industrial floors, which can become an alternative to modern concrete hardened by topping.

Problem statement. The purpose of the work – is to develop compositions of effective nanomodified polymer-modified binders and improved asphaltic concrete on their basis with an extended temperature range of efficiency. Study of morphostructural features of modified polymer-bitumen binders. Results. The influence of the content of single-walled carbon nanotubes on the main physico-mechanical properties of polymer-modified binders was studied. Using optical methods and fluorescence microscopy, the influence of nanomodifiers on the morphostructural features of polymer-bitumen binders has been studied. Conclusions. The significance for the construction industry lies in the fact that effective asphalt-concrete has been developed with an extended operating temperature range based on nanomodified polymer-bitumen binders. The rational content of the modifying additive (0,0001 %) in the binder composition was established, which ensures achievement of the specified parameters. The character of the effect of single-walled carbon nanotubes on morphostructural features is established, which consists in the fact that the nanomodifier initiates the processes of structuring interphase layers, which leads to strengthening of physical bonds between macromolecules of the polymer and the disperse phase of the organic binder-a «corrugated» structure is formed. The study of films of polymer-bitumen binders made it possible to note that when a nanomodifier is introduced, the polymer macromolecules are reduced and their distribution over the volume of the binder more uniform, which ensures its stability. It has been established that the introduction of a rational amount of nanomodifier allows to expand the required temperature range of the asphalt-concrete coating serviceability by 25-34 %, while reducing the polymer.

Problem statement. The purpose of the research is to identify the possibility of extending the life of low-rise large-panel residential buildings built in the middle of the last century, considering the reconstruction and features of financing investment construction projects in Kazan. Results. The main results of the research contain the problem of reconstruction of houses of mass development. It is proved that the condition of residential buildings should be determined not by the year of construction and commissioning, but by the results of a technical survey carried out by a specialized organization. Based on the results of the survey, it is necessary to take a decision on demolition or reconstruction with the provision of comfortable living. The options for the reconstruction of such houses are considered by preserving non-replaceable structures (foundations, walls, overlappings) and the possibility of finding the optimal variant according to the existing criteria for evaluation and selection for the project participants, considering the production work in the conditions of the existing urban development. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for construction industry consists in developing a mechanism for adopting the optimal constructive and organizational and technological solution for the reconstruction of houses of mass development, considering the reliability of investment construction projects, their profitability and the interests of participants in case of insufficient financing.

Рrоblеm stаtеmеnt. Innоvаtivе tесhnоlоgiеs аrе bеing intrоduсеd аlmоst in еvеry sесtоr оf humаn асtivity, hоwеvеr, оnе suсh mаjоr industriеs аs соnstruсtiоn аnd mаnufасturing, tоdаy is сhаrасtеrizеd by high lаbоr соsts аnd is thе lеаst аutоmаtеd. Thе trаnsitiоn frоm сlаssiсаl tесhnоlоgiеs оf еrесtiоn оf buildings tо аdditivе соnstruсtiоn using 3D-рrinting mаy bе thе sоlutiоn tо this рrоblеm. In rеаl timе соnstruсtiоn 3D-рrintеrs аrе bеing асtivеly imрlеmеntеd in thе соnstruсtiоn mаnufасturе in Сhinа, USА аnd thе Nеthеrlаnds. Аgаinst thе bасkgrоund оf rарidly dеvеlорing in this аrеа соuntriеs, Russiа is nоt аn оutsidеr аnd tоdаy it hаs in its numbеr а numbеr оf оrgаnizаtiоns аrе dеvеlорing аnd рrоduсing thеir рrоduсts 3D-рrintеrs («Sреtsаviа», Yаrоslаvl, «АрisСоr», Mоsсоw). Rеsults. In this аrtiсlе thе аnаlysis оf аdditivе tесhnоlоgy еrесtiоn оf buildings аnd struсturеs, аs thе рrоblеm оf lоw аutоmаtiоn оf соnstruсtiоn industry. Thе histоry оf dеvеlорmеnt, mеthоds оf 3D-рrinting аnd building 3D-рrintеrs. This briеf dеsсriрtiоn оf thе dеsign аnd mаtеriаls usеd whеn рrinting еnvеlореs. Соnсlusiоns. Thе mаin rеsults оf thе study аrе tо аnаlyzе thе shоrtсоmings аnd аdvаntаgеs оf аdditivе tесhnоlоgy оf соnstruсtiоn оf buildings аnd struсturеs, аnd idеntifying its рrоsресts. Thе signifiсаnсе оf thе rеsults fоr thе соnstruсtiоn industry is tо inсrеаsе thе аutоmаtеd рrосеssеs оn thе соnstruсtiоn sitе, rеduсing humаn lаbоr аnd rеduсing ассidеnts.

Рrоblеm statеmеnt. Installationоn оf оutdооr watеr suррly systеms and sеwagе nеtwоrks is a соmрlеx, timе-соnsuming рrосеss, its quality influеnсеs оn thе ореratiоn оf drinking suррly and firе watеr linе and sеwеragе. Thе рurроsе оf thе rеsеarсh is study thе fеaturеs оf thе quality соntrоl systеm in thе соnstruсtiоn оf оutdооr watеr suррly systеms and sеwagе nеtwоrks. Rеsults. Thе artiсlе еxaminеs thе rоlе оf еaсh stagе оf quality соntrоl in thе installatiоn оf оutdооr watеr suррly systеms and sеwagе nеtwоrks. at thе first stagе, thе influеnсе оf рrерaratоry wоrks оn thе quality оf thе rесеivеd соnstruсtiоn рrоduсts is соnsidеrеd. At thе sесоnd stagе, thе wоrks оf thе main реriоd wеrе studiеd: еxсavatiоn, installatiоn оf sand basе, installatiоn оf рiреlinеs, baсkfilling. At thе third stagе, wе studiеd thе rеquirеmеnts fоr aссерtanсе соntrоl оf оutdооr watеr suррly systеms and sеwagе nеtwоrks. Соnсlusiоns. Thе signifiсanсе оf thе rеsults оbtainеd fоr thе соnstruсtiоn industry is tо сlarify thе fеaturеs оf thе quality соntrоl systеm fоr thе соnstruсtiоn оf оutdооr watеr suррly systеms and sеwagе nеtwоrks. Dереndеnсеs оf сharaсtеristiс dеfесts and damagеs оf оutdооr watеr suррly systеms and sеwagе nеtwоrks arе studiеd; thе сausеs and rоlе оf соnstruсtiоn соntrоl arе shоwn whеn thеy arisе.

Problem statement. The purpose of the study is to establish the possibility of tilting pile-driving copra due to exceeding the slope of the construction site at the site of pile production. Results. The main results of the research are to determine the reasons for the violation of the requirements of the town-planning legislation and normative and technical documentation, as a result of which a roll-over was overturned, which resulted in the death of the driver. The main results of the study consist in the calculation of the center of gravity of the piling sowing mass and its stability in the transverse plane during the preparation of the piles for piling and during piling. Conclusions. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is the need to increase the level of safety in the performance of pile works and to take into account the actual conditions on the construction site in the places where they are performed (for example, the slope of the site at the site of work). On the investigated construction site, the slope of the construction site could not be the cause of the accident, since it did not exceed a guaranteed safe value of 3°.

Problem statement. Optimize the composition of the complex hydrophobic-plasticizing additive based on polycarboxylate and octyltriethoxysilane ether and investigate its effect on the physicotechnical properties of polymineral, kaolinite and montmorillonite clay reinforced with portland cement. Results. The main physico-technical properties of clay soils reinforced with Portland cement, modified with a complex hydrophobic-plasticizing additive, are studied. A graphical interpretation of the results of a mathematical model showing the effect of the components of a complex hydrophobic-plasticizing additive on a polymineral reinforced with portland cement (with a content of relic minerals greater than 85 %), kaolinic (with a kaolinite mineral content up to 95 %) and montmorillonite (with a montmorillonite mineral content up to 70 %) clay. Conclusions. The significance for the construction industry is that the introduction of a complex hydrophobic-plasticizing additive led to an increase in compressive strength of cement-reinforced polymineral clay by 102 %, kaolinite clay by 86 %, montmorillonite clay by 56 %, tensile strength at bending – by 89 %, 71 % and 28 %, frost-resistance – by 114 %, 50 % and 52 % respectively.

Problem statement. The aim of the article is to investigate the effect of water-reducing agents with various chemical bases on the physical and technical properties of clay soils reinforced by Portland cement (soil-cement). Results. The level of the main physical and technical properties of polymineral (containing relict minerals more than 85 %), kaolinic (with the content of kaolinite up to 95 %) and montmorillonite (with the montmorillonite mineral content up to 70 %) clay reinforced by Portland cement with additives of plasticizers of various chemical bases was determined. Conclusions. The significance for the construction industry is that the introduction of polycarboxylate ester into the composition, depending on the type of clay soil and the consumption of Portland cement, led to an increase in ultimate compressive strength of up to 94 %, bending ultimate tensile strength to 76 %, and freeze-thaw resistance to 43 %.

Problem statement. The purpose of the study is to determine the criteria of optimality and objective function that reflects the requirements of the road network and which contribute to improving the efficiency of transport. Results. The main results of the study are that determined a general principle and a condition for constructing an optimal connecting road network. Most fully satisfy the condition of optimality is the minimum traffic cost. The principle of optimality lies in the fact that every isolated point in optimal binding of the road network connected to all the other corresponding points of the links that provides the lowest financial costs of moving passengers and freight from this point to all the other offset point in the network. Conclusions. The significance of the results for the construction industry is to minimize the financial costs associated with the construction, maintenance and repair of the road network and moving vehicles on them.

Problem statement. It is required to determine the force acting on a circular cylinder when it moves in a plane-parallel flow containing a rectilinear vortex filament near the cylinder. Results. The possibility of determining the force and torque is shown, acting on the cylinder as vertical points and integrating the pressure at the control points. For comparative analysis, the force was also determined by the classical method, when the impenetrability of the contour is provided by the introduction of an inversion vortex. Conclusions. Periodic changes in forces and moments cause the formation of microcracks in cylindrical structures. Therefore, they are the initial data in the calculation of structural elements for fatigue.

Problem statement. Discusses the problem of dynamic stability of elastic and elastic-plastic cylindrical shell under longitudinal impact. It is known that under shock loads greater than the static critical value, the buckling modes are different from static. We considered two types of loading sheath: instant app and the linear increase in the voltage as a function of time. Results. Examines the axisymmetric forms of the movements. For the determination of half wavelengths using a static criterion of stability. For two types of loading is obtained the critical length of half wavelengths depending on the dynamic factor. It is assumed that buckling occurs in the first pass of the longitudinal wave along the shell, and in this case, the shell can be considered semi-infinite. In the case of instantaneous application of the load to the elastic shell shows the relationship between the static criterion and the criterion of Lavrentiev-Ishlinskii. Conclusions. The significance of the results for the construction industry is that for the shell of a medium length of critical half wavelengths strongly depend on the nature of the stress state behind the front of the longitudinal wave.

Problem statement. The purpose of work is the improvement of the cyclonic and filtering dust collectors by means of increase in efficiency of sedimentation of fine particles of the classes PM10, PM2,5 with simultaneous decrease in power and material inputs. Results. The analysis of the existing ways of cyclonic filtration of production disperse emissions is carried out. Experiments on the serial TsN-11-200 cyclone in vitro are executed, aerodynamic characteristics of his work on various modes of cleaning are found. The numerical experiment on the basis of methods of computing hydrodynamics is made. Conclusions. The received results specify that addition in the form of the filtering insert leads to increase in efficiency of purification of gas, at the same time doesn’t demand additional expense of energy.

Problem statement. The aim of this work was to determine the main directions of provision of environmental safety and compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation in the production of asphalt mixes at the asphalt plant. Results. The main results consist in the determination of emissions of harmful substances at the plant using different fuels, are also defined the basic directions and recommendations for environmental safety in the production of asphalt mixes at the asphalt plant. Conclusions. Implementation of recommendations of environmental safety in the production of asphalt mixes will reduce the amount of harmful emissions during operation of asphalt plant. This will contribute to environmentally friendly production of asphalt mixtures, which will ultimately increase the safety of operation of ABZ in the regions of the Russian Federation.