Maintenance №:3 Year:2016
ARCHITECTURE THEORY AND HISTORY, HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE RESTORATION AND RECONSTRUCTION | |
Аgisheva S.T. Interpretation of World Cultural Heritage Buffer Zone objects: shift from conservation principles to principles of sustainable development for historic urban landscapes | Стр.7 |
Resume: The monuments, groups of monuments and sites with (OUV) Outstanding Universal Value listed into the UNESCO World Heritage List impose restrictions on the development of the cultural heritage site and its historical and urban environmental surrounding of the historic urban landscape and other areas located within the buffer zone. On the one hand, such a conservation system is aimed to ensure the protection of the cultural heritage sites, but on the other hand, it prevents or interrupts urban development. In case for lack of a comprehensive study, assessment and methodology for forming of the world cultural heritage buffer zones, present research represents particular relevant and important level. The article shows the identification and systematization of the genesis and the main periods of the protective actions for the surrounding areas of the world cultural heritage sites and the occurrence of buffer zones as independent groups of protection areas. The genealogy of cultural heritage surroundings’ protection and creation of world cultural heritage buffer zones includes the following stages: (1) recognition of the urban heritage; (2) international approach to conserve architectural and urban environment of the world cultural heritage sites; (3) development of the concept for the buffer zone definition as an additional protection of world cultural heritage sites; (4) shift from the classical concept of «conservation» to the paradigm of «managing changes» for historic urban landscapes. The theoretical and legal framework of the international conservation system and the legislation of the State Parties (countries participating in the UNESCO Convention) were analyzed to study the issues of interpretation of a term «buffer zone» at the legislative level in Europe and to offer the new clarified definition. | |
Keywords:buffer zones, world cultural heritage, timeline, sustainable development, historic urban landscape. | |
Khabibullin A.N. Kazan fortress in the Golden Horde period (XIII-XV century) | Стр.15 |
Resume: The publication describes the development of the Kazan fortress in the Golden Horde period of the XIII-XV century. At this time, Kazan was a customs fortress on the Volga River and was a strategic point of the Kazan principality. The author puts into question the version of that in this period the city had fortifications. This fact is also confirmed archaeologically that already in the XIV century fortifications were restored. Functionally Kazan consisted of the fortress, the citadel and the discount. Additional walls and moats further strengthened the city. Since there is, the citadel at this time in the fortress of the mint inside the fortress was placed. Perhaps that appear during the Golden castle towers flanking fire to the wall. Inside the citadel stood a watchtower from which signals are fed to the other fortresses. We can say that the Kazan fortress in the XIII-XV centuries developed as a fortification. The city had several levels of defence with additional ditches, ramparts and walls. The architecture of the Kazan fortress on the period is the sample of the Tatar fortress with fortification elements. | |
Keywords:tartar fortification, Kazan fortress, defensive architecture Kazan facilities. | |
Chebinev A.I., Chebineva E.V. The uniqueness of the Eastern district of Toronto | Стр.21 |
Resume: The article deals with the time period of formation of Canada as a nation. Early 20th century was characterized by the rapid development of capitalism. A new wave of immigrants gives rise to further economic development of the country, which leads to the expansion of existing and construction of new plants in the newly developed areas. Regardless of the fact that the British architecture of the Victorian era was the official image of the government, the uniqueness of the Canadian architecture owes much to recent immigrants from Europe who wanted to create a semblance of new lands abandoned homeland. This desire was one of the causes of widespread styling and eclecticism in Canadian architecture of this period. The process of urbanization of the first half of the 20th century leads to the transformation of the urban environment. The city became a center of economic activity in which services are used by citizens and a kind of a transit node that redistributes population flows. At such times, especially acute question of the protection and preservation of historically significant buildings and urban structures which include the development of the eastern area of the city of Toronto. The current construction of the eastern area of the city being a historical monument, is a unique sample of a residential building of the Victorian era. Each architectural monument carries the two main values: historical and aesthetic. If the historical component is important to a narrow circle of specialists, the aesthetic – the whole society. Both components are important for the preservation of the historic appearance of the country. | |
Keywords:milestones Canada, Toronto city structure, the eastern region architecture. | |
HOUSES ARCHITECTURE. THE CREATIVE CONCEPT OF ARCHITECTURAL ACTIVITIES | |
Burova T.Y. Colored lighting in an interior: features and methods of use | Стр.28 |
Resume: Colored lighting in an interior – the bright component creating the unique maintenance of the space. Colored lighting can be created by color light sources and (or) color reflectors, lamp shades. Colored illumination can be neon, light-emitting diode or from luminescent or energy saving lamps. The perception of space is formed by distribution of color, brightness and shadows. Colored light can not only «operate» a form of objects, but also create mood. Colored lighting is capable to regulate «character» of objects and space. Besides colored lighting allows to create unusual color and light effects. It is defined that it isn't recommended to use colors of different ranges in one room. Only the combination white with color accents will help to open all opportunities of color and light. The review of the main receptions of means for a possibility of implementation of the style concept of an interior with the use of color lighting is presented in the article. The effects created by colored lighting are consistently described. By means of examples it is illustrated that similar receptions provide formation of semantic and emotional pithiness of an interior. Together with it ways of realization of colored lighting with the use of modern technologies are presented. | |
Keywords:мethods of lighting, color lighting, lighting in an interior, effects of color lighting, color temperature, the style concept. | |
Ibragimova A.F., Mikhaylova A.S. Conceptualism in the modern architectural environment (an example of city sculpture) | Стр.34 |
Resume: The article is devoted to the actual direction in the field of design – to the design of the urban environment, art objects and sculpture as their private type. The sculpture still is the frequent instrument of filling the subject and the spatial environment of the city, method of orientation the person in city space, a point of an attraction of the pedestrian, the object of educational and esthetic function, and also the object of performance. The article considers the separate modern direction in the field of city sculpture – conceptualism. The purpose of this direction – to introduce the ideological component of the object to the viewer by modern instruments of representation. The authors reveal the features formation of conceptualism in art and sculpture, the evolution and interrelation with other areas of fine arts, design and architecture. The conceptualism was formed in the 60th years of the twentieth century. It has proclaimed the main instrument of art – the idea the form followed by. The conceptualism is always directed to the reasoning of an object and has found a way out in city sculpture, as in art which is close as possible to the person. From the middle of the 20th century the sculpture has lost monopoly for the classical determination as a three-dimensional object. It is possible to allocate several primary subjects lifted today by conceptualists: social problems, political problems, individual's problems, environmental problems, global problems of mankind. The brightest tools which force the viewer to attract attention are: provocation, satire, philosophy and others similar. In an article on the example of modern sculptors the called conceptual tendencies are considered. | |
Keywords:conceptualism, city design, city sculpture, conceptual sculpture, design of the environment, art object, sculpture, design of the city, modern design, post-industrial design, public art, public sculpture. | |
Mkhitaryan К.О., Kozhevnikova А.U. «Green walls» in urban environment design (foreign experience) | Стр.41 |
Resume: Green Wall with the other name Vertical Garden is the term being used to define all forms of vegetated wall surfaces. Green walls are not only spectacularly beautiful, but also helpful in enlivening the ambiance. Green walls can absorb the heated gas in the air, decrease both indoor and outdoor temperatures, providing a healthier indoor air quality as well as a more beautiful space. They hold or slow rainwater, providing food and shelter for wildlife. Also, Green walls can be constructed with many systems. Green walls can examine two major categories: Green Facades and Living Walls. These categories can be divided into other categories – landscape walls, vegetated mat walls, modular living walls. Green facades are made up of climbing plants either growing directly on a wall or in specially designed supporting structures. The plant shoot system grows up the side of the building while being rooted to the ground. In a living wall the modular panels are often comprised of polypropylene plastic containers, geotextiles, irrigation systems, a growing medium and vegetation. Vertical Gardens provide economic and ecological benefits as well as aesthetic value. The benefits change with options such as different buildings, green wall technologies, plant selections and plant coverage. | |
Keywords:green walls, living walls, vertical garden, vegetable wall, vertical kitchen garden, living wall, bio wall, green faсade, design of architectural environment. | |
Pokka E.V. Bridges and covered transitions in architecture of multipurpose public complexes | Стр.49 |
Resume: The covered transition is one of the types of the pedestrian bridge which consists of flying parts between amounts two buildings, being under a canopy. With the development of architecture and construction for the last several decades figurative and functional characteristics of the covered transitions have undergone some changes. Bridges and the covered transitions in multipurpose public complexes carry out functions of a recreation, include restaurants, pools, observation decks, cafe, clubs, exhibition galleries, shops, gyms, libraries. In addition the covered transitions do more organic functioning of separately taken buildings, such as communication of Royal theater and Royal ballet school, communication of multi-level car park and the business center, and even the communication of residential and public buildings. On bridges and the covered transitions establish wind generators, and transitions carry out constructive functions, giving to construction additional spatial rigidity. Having received rudiments in the ancient time (as, for example, Vzdokhov Bridge), in the modern architecture use of bridges and the covered transitions becomes more and more demanded acceptance at the famous architects, such as Moshe Safdi, Stephen Hall, C?sar Pelly, George Portman. In modern architecture application of such acceptance as use of bridges and the covered transitions in multipurpose public buildings becomes more and more convenient, effective. This direction will develop as a means of consolidation in an urban environment in the conditions of an ever-increasing urbanization. | |
Keywords:multipurpose pedestrian bridges, the covered transitions, public complexes. | |
Riabov O.R., Ahmadieva L.A. Urban educational environment as an element of territorial branding | Стр.56 |
Resume: This work focuses on research of special educational environment as part of the branding territories. Special educational environment can help people gain new knowledge and skills, to form skills of social behaviour, affect human behaviour in society. Such spaces can impact on human through the unconscious. There are parameters which affect the emotional reaction to the environment. Some provoke stress and aggression, while others charge creativity. Adverse parameters of urban environment leads to an increase in behavioural problems, an increase in the number of citizens affected by the general deterioration of the daily mood, intense interpersonal relationships, constant anxiety, subjective risk syndrome dyssynchrony mental development. If the surrounding human shapes, lines, surfaces, colours evoke an emotional response, then you can use the architectural and artistic qualities of form and design of specially organized spaces deliberately, predicting a definite response of emotional reactions and behaviours of people Also, the work deals with special educational urban environment as part of the branding territories. Substantiates the importance of the creation of such spaces for the development of intellectual, social, moral and behavioural skills of different groups of the population. It has shown the possibility of their participation in the formation of territory brand. | |
Keywords:educational environment, urban environment, brand territory, socio-cultural environment. | |
Riаbоv О.R., Nikоlаevа I.V. Emotional perception of the architectural environment | Стр.62 |
Resume: In this article, architectural environment is seen not only as a substantive human environment, which has certain properties. Also, as the emotional interrelation of architectural objects with a human in process of vital activity. Architectural environment, its visual content elements has a great impact on a person's mental state, which directly affects its psychosomatic health, behavior, intellectual and social development. Reference is made to the work of foreign researchers confirm the possibility of modeling human behavior through the organization of a specific type of space. It also shows the importance of the impact of the aesthetic parameters of the architectural environment on emotions and as a result, on the behavior. When the content of architectural environment designed properly, we can deliberately influence the emotional perception of the person and thus his behavior and psychological well-being. Architectural environment has a great impact on people's behavior and feelings. And there are options that affect the emotional reaction to the perception. For example, visual deformers of architectural environment creates an unfavorable environment and cause the quantitative growth of behavioral abnormalities. Architectural environment should not crush or hit man, and start a dialogue with it, prompting him to co-creation. | |
Keywords:emotions, perception, resonant perception, aesthetics, architectural environment. | |
Smolova M.V. Architectural and artistic concepts of subway architecture | Стр.68 |
Resume: The world-wide existing architectural and spatial design of subway junctions serves one of two opposite architectural and artistic (and the corresponding functional) concepts – «representative» and «utilitarian». The first one was the key concept during the construction of Moscow subway (1935-1950). It reflected the enthusiasm and the architectural ideas of those times. The «utilitarian» concept reflected the main trend of foreign practice of subway construction. Removal of functional exclusiveness is peculiar about it. It`s not the station as a part of a subway line and something completed which is in project, but the station as a part of the underground – and surface complex uniting various means of transportation lines, first, and, second, as a spot where various urban public functions are concentrated and coordinated; and, finally, the station whose structure ensures the opportunity of maximal spatial expanding, involving, transforming and establishing new functionally technological contacts with a multipurpose environment. These are vast underground squares of Vienna, Munich, cut with subway escalators and travolators, multilevel and multicircular structures of Defense in Paris; huge transport and trade underground complexes of Tokyo and Osaka; multifunctional underground transport complexes of Brussels, Philadelphia, Detroit, Frankfurt-on-Main, London; trade complexes of Lyons, Lille, Los Angeles, etc., as prototypes of the future urban public centers. | |
Keywords:the subway underground network, the «utilitarian» concept, the «representative» concept, person within the subway system the architectural and artistic design of the stations. | |
Stepanchuk A.V. Features of the architectural formation of cultural tourism objects with craft and creative function | Стр.75 |
Resume: The paper is dedicated to the issues of the architectural formation of cultural tourism objects on the basis of the intangible cultural heritage and with craft creative function. The article presents the author's interpretation of the term «cultural tourism», which takes into account the architectural aspect. The paper presents the classification of cultural tourism and were revealed differences in terminology in Russian and foreign scientific literature. Author considered the socio-cultural and socio-economic trends in the field of cultural tourism, identified causing and forming factors that determine the architectural organization of cultural tourism objects with craft and creative function. The caused factors are the following: resource factor; socio-cultural factor; socio-economic factor. The group of the forming factors consists of urban development factor; typological factor; spatial and planning factor; time factor; tourist immersion factor; volumetric and spatial factor; functional factor. Author analyzed the world experience of functioning and design of such objects in the aspect of implementation of the craft and creative activities. The analysis revealed such architectural formation features of cultural tourism objects as urban, typological, spatial and planning design, volumetric and spatial, functional, structural design. | |
Keywords:cultural tourism objects, intangible cultural heritage, craft and creative activities, crafts, causing factors, shaping factors, tourism. | |
Shinkarev A.N., Prokofiev E.I. Analysis of domestic and foreign experience in research of objects of health care system design | Стр.82 |
Resume: The scientific work considers the analysis of the structure of various health care facilities. The purpose is to structure the existing principles of modeling and organizing medical facilities in various fields of the environment. This study will form the basis of future dissertation, whose task will be to develop the principles of the formation of the architectural and planning features of therapeutic and prophylactic center for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the circulatory system. The selected direction healthcare facilities due to the fact that during the analysis of the scientific Russian increased mortality of the population because it circulatory system disease was detected (50 % deaths). This study examines existing scientific publications and dissertations of domestic and foreign origin in health facilities design principles in various fields. The presented analysis enables us to understand how the correct forms (effective) among the medical health complex. In addition, this study provided the opportunity to trace the evolution of health care facilities, allowing you to make certain assumptions concerning the future development of therapeutic systems. | |
Keywords:health system structure, planning of medical facilities, foreign clinics, the structure of the Soviet clinics, hospital’s structure. | |
URBAN DEVELOPMENT, RURAL SETTLEMENTS PLANNING | |
Balakina L.A. Temporary accommodation: history and urban development | Стр.93 |
Resume: Unstable geopolitical situation, social, technological and environmental disasters and natural hazards may cause urgent problems of resettlement of people in temporary accommodation. The article is devoted to the generalization of practical experience in temporary accommodation establishing, which is an urgent task at the moment. Historical background gives an idea about the retrospective of formation of temporary settlements. The planning structure of the Israel's encampment in the author's analytic interpretation and graphic reconstruction from the descriptions in the Bible texts is represented as the sample. The typological features of modern temporary settlements were revealed, and have been compared with historical examples. Analysis of different characteristics of the planning structure formation was produced and it became the basis for a systematization of the results. A proposed classification of temporary settlements reflects the various aspects of their organization: by the time factor, by volitional choice, according to an occupation, by social status, according contingent, according demographics, according to the intent, according to number of residents, according to seasons, by the nature of the territorial use, by location, by the nature of the formation of the planning structure, according to the functional structure, by the nature of dwellings placement, by dwellings types. The present study shows the basic principles of the temporary settlements formation and gives reason to predict the prospects of development. | |
Keywords:ancient nomadic settlements, encampment of Israel, the modern types of temporary settlements, planning structure, systematization, development prospects. | |
Grishina M.P., Kalimullina L.R. The concept of development of Privolzhsky district of Kazan | Стр.102 |
Resume: The article discusses the planning and construction of coastal areas of the Kirov and Vakhitov districts of Kazan with the formation of small shipping network. The basic problems of the territory, on the basis of their stated goals and objectives, a decision which will lead to the development and improvement of the coastal city line. The issues of land and water transport infrastructure, carrying out environmental measures, improvement of embankments. The issues of development of transport infrastructure in coastal areas. Proposed a new interaction of land and water transport in the waters of the Volga and Kazanka rivers. Describes the basic architectural and landscape ensembles that make up the image of the city «with water». Special attention on the concept of the formation of yacht marinas as a major component of the waters of the Volga river in the boundaries of Kazan given to the hydraulic assessment of the effects of such facilities on the ecological status of flora and fauna. The policy recommendations for monitoring the state of the environment at the planned site during the construction and operation of the facility. | |
Keywords:coastal zone, yacht marina, water areas, urban environment, urban infrastructure, river, island, alluvial areas, the promenade. | |
Ismagilova S.H., Zalyotova Е.А. Forming of Landscape-Recreational and Transport Frameworks of the City of Kazan | Стр.110 |
Resume: The main attention in the article is paid to the analysis, formation and interaction of green infrastructure and the transport planning organization of the city aimed at providing their sustainable development. Within the Concept of the Master plan of the city of Kazan executed by the Scientific and project center «Interra» of the Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering models on development of a landscape recreational framework as single system of the spatial and continuous natural and shrubs territories, and the integrated system of the mobility including the high density centers with the high-quality communicative environment and linear spatial structures with active use of a natural component were developed. In the article the formalized models of both infrastructures, their structural components and concepts of development are offered. At the same time the main emphasis is placed on need of integration of the mentioned models for the purpose of overcoming of infrastructure barriers, increase in connectivity and prevention of degradation of the environment adjacent to large transport corridors. Current trends of reconsideration the strategy of city development from a position of landscape urbanism, give the chance to look at «gray» infrastructure as on a source of huge potential on regeneration and transformation in steady system of the interconnected green channels and the centers penetrating the city. | |
Keywords:structurally-spatial model, framework, infrastructure of city activity, concept of development, landscape urbanism. | |
BUILDING STRUCTURES, HOUSES | |
Abdrakhimova N.S., Mironova U.V., Shamsutdinova A.I. Experimental and theoretical studies of plug joints reinforced concrete columns under shear force effect | Стр.118 |
Resume: Analysis of the scientific and technical literature indicates prefabricated building’s joint responsibility for structural safety and reliability under static and seismic loading. According to numerous publications of domestic and foreign authors, in frame buildings the first signs of failure appear in the joints of the elements due to stress concentration. It is possible that at the stage of operation of the joints do not meet the requirements of reliability and durability due to a number of reasons: the action of non-project loads, the presence of joint and installation of manufacturing defects (non-project reinforcement, cracks in concrete, incomplete filling of joints, etc.). Therefore, to ensure the structural safety of the building and serviceability by strengthening the joints at the lowest cost is an urgent task. In this paper, we consider the strengthening of the plug joint concrete columns on the perception of lateral forces as the most dangerous factor, especially under the action of cyclic (seismic) loads. Experimental and theoretical study of three options for strengthening joint plug under the action of shear forces: the external reinforcement of composite material, steel cage with clamps without prestressing, pre-stressed steel cage with clamps. We present the design expression of the shear compliance plug joints of reinforced concrete columns. | |
Keywords:штепсельные стыки, усиление, стальная обойма, усиление углепластиком напряженно-деформированное состояние, компьютерное моделирование, расчетные выражения сдвиговой податливости. | |
Zamaliev F.S. Calculation of steel-reinforced concrete slabs with steel profiled decking | Стр.129 |
Resume: Analyzed national experience of recovery floors of old buildings, which are mainly monuments. It was stressed that the earlier the overlap in our country is carried out mainly in wooden form. Today, after a lifetime, they either lost the carrying capacity, or supervisory authorities require their replacement with safer designs in terms of their fire resistance. Composite structures are most suitable from the point of replacing the light beams on fire safety and reliability. The article deals with the composite slab based on the steel sheeting. Analyzed the existing design rules and calculation methods for composite slabs with steel floorings. The method of calculation, based on the calculation model reflects the actual work of composite structure diagrams, and taking into account the real strain and stress. We consider two types of cross-sections calculated on the basis of the best possible options for the structural elements of restored ceilings. Given an expression to determine the boundaries of the compressed composite sectional area by taking into account the compliance of contact between the steel beam and slab (concrete + steel decking). The formulas for determining the torque of the internal state of a flexible composite element, write the condition of strength calculation section. The use of advanced methods of calculation of composite slabs with steel decking will facilitate the introduction of these constructs into the practice of reconstruction and new construction. | |
Keywords:steel-concrete composite slab, steel decking, method of calculation, deformation model. | |
Karasev I.V., Maystrenko I.Yu., Kuklin A.N., Khozin V.G., Gizdatullin A.R. Experimental study of polycarbonate modular systems’ work | Стр.135 |
Resume: This article describes a set of static tests to obtain data samples of roofing and facade polycarbonate panels on their bearing capacity and deformability to use these data for the design and construction. The purpose of this paper is to assess the carrying capacity of the panels flexural, bond strength of the panels with clamps and determining the nature of the destruction of the panels. To achieve this goal was to achieve the following objectives: to evaluate the compliance of the submitted samples to the stated requirements of TU «KARBOGLASS»; develop a method of testing; to test panels of different modular systems; to analyze the test results, including the carrying capacity of the panels, the maximum permissible steps supports for the panels, the maximum permissible bending radii roofing panels, the carrying capacity of fasteners facade panels with a negative load (on the inside) and the nature of the destruction of the panels. The values of the bearing capacity of the panels when the deflection 1/10, 1/25 of the span. Determine the recommended steps for the device supports roof and facade of polycarbonate panels. The range of the maximum permissible bending radius of the roof panels. Determined the carrying capacity of nodes connections facade panels. | |
Keywords:polycarbonate panel, coating, carrying capacity, deformability. | |
Kayumov R.A., Khayrullin L.R., Popov M.M., Khamitov A.R. Methods of assessing the ability of holding road enclosure | Стр.143 |
Resume: The paper presents a methodology for calculating the energy consumption and dynamic deflection of a road protection and dynamic deflection on the basis of structural mechanics approaches. For one of the private fencing options, a numerical study of the influence of various design solutions to work construction fences, barrier-type car. Presented the results theoretical calculations of fences trough, on the basis of which it is possible to carry out the selection and make recommendations to increase the holding capacity of the structure. With the developed method of calculation in the article and the dynamic power consumption of guardrails and dynamic deflection deflection based approaches structural mechanics we managed to get that basically all of the energy of the car hitting the road fence extinguished by plastic deformation of the extension beams and fencing energy capacity rack bending. The elastic energy intensity of bending plastic power consumption when flattening the beam section type «Wave» and the plastic deformation energy intensity at the bend negligibly small, it means that the calculation can be neglected. They perform a constructive function, but does not protect. | |
Keywords:road fence, bending, flattening, elongation, desk. | |
Kayumov R.A., Shakirzyanov F.R., Ahmetshin M.M. Durability of the reinforced panel considering creep filler | Стр.150 |
Resume: Currently, sandwich panel is widely used in residential and commercial construction in the construction of light buildings, consisting of two steel skins and a layer of insulation between them. The main disadvantages of these panels are the high consumption of steel cladding and low compressive strength. To address these shortcomings, it proposes a new design of wall panels with an external frame of thin-walled profiles, between which communication of the wooden bars. This article explores the durability of new type panels, in which the outer frame of steel thin-walled C-shaped galvanized roll-formed sections, shelves of which are immersed in a layer of expanded polystyrene insulation and installed with a certain pitch on both sides of the panel, form a single supporting and enclosing structures. Theoretical and experimental studies, which confirmed the technical and economic feasibility of their use conducted in the laboratory of the department of metal structures and test facilities at KSUAE. Presented the technique of calculating the longevity of these panels when working in compression at different values of load and dependence on the load durability of the panel. | |
Keywords:panel, thin-walled profiles, insulation, voltage, creep, aging, longevity. | |
Kuznetsov I.L., Gimranov L.R., Husainov D.M., Penkovcev S.A. Assessment of the bearing capacity of the cylindrical diffuser | Стр.155 |
Resume: The article reviews the assessment of a load-bearing capacity of an existing cylindrical diffuser with a length of 46 m and diameter 5,6 m. The main aspect of that kind of calculations is a creation of a finite element model of the diffuser. Models were made in different software such us «Lira» and «Ansys». The peculiarities of this process were in correct modeling of openings in the shell of the diffuser and using of shell finite elements instead of 3D-elements. The combined work of a shell of the diffuser with the lids over the openings achieved with 38 bolts allocated along perimeter of the openings. This lid-openings system was modeled separately from diffuser for the establishing of a real strain-stress state of that system. Model was made with 3D finite elements and included lid, part of the shell and bolts. The significant influence on the strain-stress state of that system was also provided by the value of pretension in the bolts. The more pretension was induced in bolts the more combined work was provided in the lid-openings system. Real strain-stress state of the system showed an increase in stress up to 2,6 times. | |
Keywords:beet processing, diffuser, strain-stress state, FEM analysis. | |
Maisuradze N.V., Morozova N.N., Galiev T.F. The study of influence of filler material on the thermal properties of fine-grained concrete | Стр.162 |
Resume: The analysis of thermal insulation materials and facade systems of buildings and constructions, which are important for the thermophysical properties was shown. With this aim the article presents the research on the influence of filler material on the thermal conductivity coefficient and the thickness of the enclosure walls. The conductivity coefficient was measured by the method of heat flow on the ITP-MG4 device. The filler material is a lightweight powder of a modified diatomite with a density of 700 kg/m3 and a grain size from 0,16 to 1 mm. Considered only fine-grained concrete. As a result, the introduction of the filler material in an amount of 10 and 20 % instead of cement in sand concrete reduces its conductivity by 34 % and 65 %, respectively, in the expanded clay lightweight concrete by 7 and 13 %, and in the polystyrene only by 5 % with the introduction of 20 % of the filler. This fact is very important for mortars, allowing by using available, inexpensive materials to design walls that fit into the ideology of the efficient heat energy saving of modern buildings, including high-rises. The use of filler material is most effective in concrete with higher density. | |
Keywords:termolit, fine concrete, the thermal conductivity, a filler, a solution of. | |
Udler E.M. An approximate calculation of the surface area of an awning cover with numerical representation of the geometry | Стр.168 |
Resume: In the design process of tent structures it is necessary to calculate the consumption of materials in the soft shell. However in the available literature the author has not found a description of methods of calculations for shells not trivial forms. In this regard we propose a new approach to solving the problem. An algorithm for calculating the area of a complex curved surface of a soft shell, given by an array of heights at the nodes of a square horizontal coordinate mesh. Within projection of this mesh cell on the shell its geometry has a surface of negative Gaussian curvature and modeled by the pyramid with the apex at the center of the curved surface of the cell. The coordinates of the vertices are calculated as the arithmetic mean of the coordinates of the cell sites. The side surface of the pyramid defined as the sum of the areas of four triangles taken as a shell area within the coordinates of the cell mesh. Seeking envelope area is calculated as the sum of the squares of all the cells in the horizontal projection of the shell borders. As, an example, provided the procedure of calculating the surface cell’s area, in the Pascal programming language. The comparison of calculation of the proposed algorithm with some exact solutions. The calculation results differ very little. This proves the possibility of wider use in engineering practice. | |
Keywords:soft shell, fabric covering, the curved surface, the mesh model of the surface, the area of the curved surface, numerical methods, computer programming. | |
FOUNDATIONS, UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES | |
Mirsayapov I.T., Alyushev I.I. Experimental studies of basments’ models reinforced by horizontal grid under the cyclic loading | Стр.173 |
Resume: To study the soil foundations, reinforced by horizontal polymer grids under cyclic loading tests in the laboratory were carried out. The article shows the results of experimental studies of models of soil basements, horizontal reinforced polymer grids such as the a40, on the effect of cyclic loading. Experimental tests have allowed establishing basic patterns of change in the stress-strain state grounds, reinforced by horizontal grids. Deformations of the soil and the elements of the horizontal reinforcement grids within the compressible thickness at the base increases under the cyclic loading. Deformities with varying intensity have evolved throughout the test. The most intensive development of ground deformations and horizontal grid reinforcement occurred at the initial stage of loading up to 200 ... 500 cycles. In the future there is a relative stabilization of these indicators. The action of cyclic loads is an increase in the horizontal grid reinforced base. In the initial stage of cyclic loading up to about 500 cycles, there is an intensive increase in sediment. With further development of the pellet loading rate is reduced, but complete stabilization occurs.The experimental results are presented in the form of graphs of settlement and strain on the number of load cycles. The basic laws of stress-strain state of reinforced horizontal array. Analysis of plots shows that the strain in the soil and in the horizontal reinforcement grids increases during cyclic loading. | |
Keywords:cyclic loading, horizontal reinforcement, settlements, stress, ground, deformation. | |
Mirsayapov I.T., Sharafutdinov R.A. The computational model of bearing capacity and foundation of soil sediment, reinforced by vertical and horizontal elements | Стр.179 |
Resume: It is proposed a calculation model to assess the bearing capacity and settlement of reinforced vertical and horizontal elements of the Foundation soil, based on the results of experimental studies and on the hypothesis that the bearing capacity of slab Foundation consists of the resistance zone of reinforced horizontal elements in the zone of the reinforced vertical elements and in the zone of soil under the vertical reinforcing elements. Based on the gutter of experiments was developed the method of calculating the bearing capacity of reinforced soil Foundation, including expressions to determine: the resistance of the reinforced soil mass in the area of horizontal reinforcement elements in the zone of reinforcement of the vertical elements and in the area of the vertically reinforcing elements. The proposed method allows to reliably calculate the bearing capacity of reinforced Foundation at all stages of loading, taking account of the joint deformation of the reinforcing elements and the soil. Also based on the gutter of experiments have been developed improved methods of settlement of the reinforced soil foundation reinforced with vertical and horizontal elements, allowing to consider joint deformation of the soil and reinforcing elements. The proposed method allows to more accurately predict the magnitude of precipitation in combination with reinforced soil Foundation. The developed method of calculation of the bearing capacity and settlement of reinforced vertical and horizontal elements, soil bases is in good agreement with the test results. | |
Keywords:calculation model, load capacity, precipitation, static load. | |
HEATING, VENTILATION, AIR CONDITIONING, GAS SUPPLY AND LIGHTING | |
Vachagina E.K., Zolotonosov Ya.D., Mustakimova S.A., Krutova I.A. The definition of equivalent diameter of spring-twisted pipes | Стр.188 |
Resume: The method of calculating the area of the living section, wetted perimeter and equivalent diameter of the cylindrical spring twisted channel was presented. The inner boundary of such channels is formed closely adjacent to each other coils coiled in a spiral with some constant pitch of the wire. For this the equation of the surface of wire twisted in a helical spiral was written in parametric form. Was formulated in terms of tight junction turns of wire to each other. These conditions are reduced to the dependence of one geometric parameter from the other geometric parameter. It makes sense the relationship of the step helix to the diameter of the wire, and has a sense of the relationship of the wire diameter to the diameter of the axial bending of the Central helix of wire. The required dependence is obtained from the search of the root of the nonlinear equation in the where parameter can be considered as a parameter. To search root used numerical methods to find the root of nonlinear equation, including the method of halving. The equation of the boundary of the cross section was obtained as the equation of a curve in cross-section of his plane. Thus, the equation of this curve is the border was also presented in a parametric form. To compute the area of the living section was used standard formulas to find the area of a curvilinear sector in polar coordinates. The formula for calculating the cross sectional area has been transformed considering the fact that the curve bounding the cross section is given in parametric form. To calculate the wetted perimeter was used the standard formula of mathematical analysis to determine the length of a curve given parametrically. Calculation of equivalent diameter using the proposed method allows producing engineering calculations series of heat exchangers in which heat exchange elements are spring-twisted channels. | |
Keywords:heat transfer, fluid flow, and spring-twisted channels, covariant and contravariant components of velocity, streamlines, secondary flows. | |
Khabibullin Iu.Kh., Barysheva O.B. Energy-saving ventilation device | Стр.195 |
Resume: As we know, plastic windows effectively protect the premises from noise, dust, heat or cold. However, such windows practically impermeable to air, which leads to disruption of air. The consequence of this is to increase the level of humidity and cause condensation. Simultaneously, the oxygen content in the room decreases, the concentration of carbon dioxide increases. All this affects negatively on the indoor climate. Currently, the premises used for ventilation intake valves, which have a number of drawbacks. The proposed energy-saving flow rate control favorably with known inlets simple design. Varying outdoor air temperature, and hence pressure drop perceived damper mounted on a horizontal axis. Define the damper lock is provided which consists of two permanent magnets fixed to the flap and on the inner surface of the device, wherein the magnets are disposed with like poles facing each other. It is considered an alternative solution to this problem, namely, energy-saving flow rate control. | |
Keywords:ventilation, comfort, airflow control, energy saving, caprolan sleeve. | |
WATER SUPPLY, SEWERAGE, WATER CONSERVATION CONSTRUCTION | |
Zakhvatov G.I. The electrochemical regeneration of nikel – plated solutons | Стр.200 |
Resume: The results of the investigation of electrochemical regeneration of chemical-plated solutions are described. It is noted, that methods of simple chemical regeneration of such solutions are not effective. In this case intensive sedimentation is used. The introduction of nickel ions by electrolysis with the help of nickel anoles disrobe form scolimentation too. To prevent it the addition of acid for value 4,1-4,4 pH was made. With the next introduction in the solution NaH2PO2 5-6 regeneration cycles were reached. Most advanced variant is to connect with dissociation NaH2PO2 in the small quantity of water with a pH value about 2.0 That primary solution is entering in the base solution. Such method provides 11-12 regeneration cycles. The nickel corer from regeneration solutions have such any corrosion properties as corer forming from new solutions and it have such adhesion too. | |
Keywords:the solutions of chemical – plated nickel, regeneration, electrochemical processes. | |
Urmitova N.S., Abitov R.N., Khisameeva L.R., Nizamova A.Kh. Investigation of filtering regimes by changing the hydraulic and hydrodynamic characteristics of coalescing loading | Стр.205 |
Resume: In this paper the problem of studying hydraulic, hydrodynamic and regime characteristics of coalescing nozzles was experimentally solved. When fractions of coalesced loading are 3-5 mm the nozzle height does not affect on a hydraulic gradient. For a large fraction (15-20 mm) the following dependence is observed: the curves of hydraulic gradient depended on filtration rate become steeper with decreasing of loading height. In smaller layers of loading height the hydraulic gradient grows faster than for larger ones with increasing of filtration rate. Average values of specific grain surface were obtained based on calculations and experimental data. For 15-20 mm fraction the value is 512 м-1 and for 3-5 mm faction it is 1218 is 3,5 m-1. For loading fraction 3-5 mm the water temperature and coefficient of hydraulic resistance decrease with increasing Reynolds number (Re). When the value of Re reaches 28 the coefficient of hydraulic resistance becomes constant regardless of water temperature, i.e. the self-modeling region. For fraction 15-20 mm Re increases and coefficient of hydraulic resistance fluctuates. For Re ~ 250-350 coefficient of hydraulic resistance is more or less equalized. | |
Keywords:hydraulic and hydrodynamic characteristics, coalescing loading, filtering regime, experimental investigations, fraction, the Reynolds number. | |
BUILDING MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS | |
Morozov N.M., Khozin V.G., Avksentev V.I., Borovskikh I.V. Study of operational properties of self-compacting sand concrete | Стр.211 |
Resume: For the successful implementation of sand self compacting concrete in construction, they should not concede on technical performance self-compacting concrete with large aggregate. The use of sand concrete not only increases the economic efficiency of construction, but also provides other advantages: simplified technological scheme of preparation of the concrete mixture, since it eliminates the need for warehouses and the sorting compartments for receiving, processing and storing of rubble, reduced the demand for electricity and labor. Therefore, obtaining self-compacting concrete using local raw materials, particularly sand as the sole filler has, for many regions of Russia is of great importance. The article shows that the use of the fractional composition of the sand allows you to reduce this figure to 0,67, and the use of SHVO allows obtaining self-compacting concrete W/C ratio of 0,62 and class mobility SF2. The results of the study operational characteristics of self-compacting sand concrete of classes B30-В40 show that the use of graded sand with the addition of SHVO and MK not only improves strength, but also to reduce the shrinkage strain of more than 15 %. The modulus of elasticity of the developed compositions of self-compacting sand concrete is comparable to the modular concrete with large aggregate, which allows to recommend them as a structural material for load-bearing structures without restrictions. | |
Keywords:self-compacting sand concrete, shrinkage, strength, modulus of elasticity. | |
Starovoitova I.A., Zykova E.S., Syleimanov A.M., Semenov A.N., Mishurova M.V. The study of the physical and mechanical properties of nanomodified basalt roving and based on it a composite material | Стр.217 |
Resume: In this study, experimental testing of nanomodified film forming of the LLC «Scientific Production Firm (SPF) «RECON» (Kazan) company production in the production of basalt fiber of LLC «Kamennyy vek» (Dubna) was conducted, physical and mechanical characteristics of obtained basalt rovings and composite material on its basis were studied. In the manufacture of nano-modified emulsions as additives were used: - Multilayer CNT – in the form of solid concentrates (masterbatches) under the brand name Graphistrength С S1-25 (containing CNT – 25 wt. %, dispersed in a medium of DGEBA monomer and bisphenol A (producer – «Arkema» company, France). The work carried out in LLC «Kamennyy vek» confirms the possibility of using nanomodified film formers in formulations of the sizing composition for basalt continuous fibers. Nanomodifing of basalt fiber CNTs surface through a sizer has a positive effect on the characteristics of basalt roving, namely: - physico-mechanical properties of basalt roving: the mechanical strength of harness dry roving is increased from 781 to 704 mN / tex (11 %) (using emulsion based epoxy resin, manufactured in Europe – D.E.R. 331 as a part of sizer); - fiber adhesion to the cold curing epoxy binder: thus, the adhesion increase of 17,3 % – in the case of the use as a film-forming agent as a part of the epoxy resin emulsion sizer NPEL128S (with 0,003 pbw CNT), and to 25,2 % – in the case of the use as a film-forming agent as a part of the epoxy resin emulsion sizer DER 331 (with 0,003 pbw CNT). With the introduction of CNTs in the sizing the growth of physical and mechanical properties of basalt rebar produced by nanomodified fiber is observed. The maximum effect of the introduction of CNT observed at joint nanomodification of sizing on the surface of basalt fiber and epoxy binder as well. | |
Keywords:polymer composite materials, sizer, water emulsion of epoxy resins, nanomodification, basalt roving, physical and mechanical properties. | |
Khaliullin M.I., Nuriev M.I. Effect of fineness and content of the expanded haydite dust additive on the properties of gypsum-cement-pozzolanic binder | Стр.225 |
Resume: The expansion of production and use of little clinker composite binders allows to reduce the consumption in the construction of Portland cement than to be paid a substantial contribution to the solution of environmental problems caused by the highly energy intensive production of Portland cement, accompanied by significant emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Gypsum-cement-pozzolanic binders in some cases serve as alternatives to Portland cement and are characterized by advantages such as fast setting time and strength development, the possibility of application at low ambient temperatures. In the present work the investigation of the possibility of obtaining gypsum-cement-pozzolanic binders with the use of ground haydite dust. Have the correct amount of haydite dust to obtain a gypsum-cement-pozzolanic binder, depending on its dispersion, showing its effectiveness as a pozzolanic additive. The dependences illustrating the effect of content and specific surface of ground haydite dust on compressive strength, water resistance and other basic physico-mechanical properties of gypsum-cement-pozzolanic binders with different contents of Portland cement in their composition. | |
Keywords:gypsum-cement-pozzolanic binders, pozzolanic additive, haydite dust, specific surface, water resistance. | |
Khuzin A.F., Rahimov R.Z. The effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the porosity of the cement stone | Стр.231 |
Resume: Depending on the composition and preparation technology of cement composites can have high strength in compression and, at the same time, the relatively low strength values in bending and tension. This difference in performance for the most part, due to the porosity of the concrete. The cement paste, which is the binder in concrete, generally has a porous structure that includes macro-, micro- and mesopore. The past decade has increased interest in the works associated with the use of construction materials of the particles, the characteristic size of which does not exceed 100 nm. The study of the structure of cement stone shows the manifestation of particles of MWCNT reinforcing effect. Pore structure of samples of cement stone were carried out by optical methods (electron microscopy and x-ray) computed tomography. The study of the structure of cement stone with different magnification has allowed to establish that the modification of cement stone with multilayer carbon nano tubes leads to a redistribution of the number of pores to decrease their size. The decrease in the proportion of large pores with a simultaneous increase in the number of micro- and nano-pores contribute to the more dense structure of cement stone and as a consequence leads to increased strength characteristics of cement composites, water resistance, frost resistance and resistance to aggressive environments. | |
Keywords:carbon nanotubes, an additive, cement stone, porosity, tomography. | |
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION | |
Mudrov A.G. Hammer mill | Стр.238 |
Resume: Shredding material is widely used in many fields of engineering and technology. And depending on the particle size of the final product of this process to use different machines – crushers and grinders. The most common crusher and mill one and two-rotor with rigidly or hinged on them with hammers. The offered hammer mill in which in addition to the rotational motion of a rotor with hammer rotates further perforated drum, and the speed of rotation of the drum and rotor are different and have opposite rotation, thus achieving high speed impact of hammers. By means of two cranks, connecting rod and gears with internal gear drum and a rotor with hammers have a reciprocating rocking motion. This combination of movements of the rotor and the drum substantially intensified the process of grinding pieces of material, the separation and withdrawal of the hopper, as also on the particle are the inertia force. From one drive source a rotational movement is getting perforated drum, rotor with hammers, and reciprocating rocking motion of the camera with the drum and the rotor. | |
Keywords:hammer mill, perforated drum, rotor, hammers, cranks, connecting rod grinding. | |
ROADS, SUBWAYS, AIRPORTS, BRIDGES AND TUNNELS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION | |
Bulanov P.E., Asanbaev R.B., Khairullin I.I., Valeeva G.R., Repenko D.A., Vdovin E.A., Mavliev L.F. General information on the use and application of road building materials on the basis of soil and Portland cement | Стр.244 |
Resume: The development of effective materials for the structural layers of pavements based on local strengthened soils by using of different binders and additives is one of the promising areas of road construction research. Strengthened soil-cements are used as the blanket with a wear layer or base of the road pavement. The analysis of domestic and foreign literature in the field of production and application of road building materials based on a soil and Portland cement is shown in the article. Possibilities of production and application of soil-cement, and the influence of technological factors on the quality characteristics of the resulting material are described. It is determined that the rotating of freezing and thawing processes have the most devastating effect on soil-cement layers of road structures. The modification of the soil-cement by various additives can improve the frost resistance and strength properties and will promote to the more active application of its in road construction. | |
Keywords:soil, soil-cement, strength, frost resistance, technological factors. | |
Sakhapov R.L., Makhmutov M.M., Zemdikhanov M.M., Fazilov M.A. A calculation device for road demarker | Стр.250 |
Resume: In this article we proposed a device for demarker road marking hydrodynamic method. Also solves the problem of reclamation of water. Water is a vicious cycle, and its consumption is minimized. Natural emery is used that consists of 60 % iron oxide is magnetized. Using this you can reduce the loss of abrasive material in the process of working to zero. The calculation of the velocity of demarker for effective work will produce a given speed cavitating nozzle, as well as the length of the destruction of the markup in one pass of the nozzles. Due to the different technology solutions, the construction cost of its maintenance and operation reduces the cost, and in this we get a positive economic effect. Since it will be possible to perform the same amount of work but with less, not inferior quality. Using different types of nozzles can reduce the pressure to break the thermoplastic, which will reduce the cost of the design. | |
Keywords:demarker, road markings, hydroabrasive, iron oxide, cavitation. | |
CONSTRUCTION MECHANICS | |
Serazutdinov M.N., Ubaidulloyev M.N., Nizameev V.G. Calculation of loaded structures strengthened by ways of increase in section and change of the calculation scheme | Стр.255 |
Resume: This article describes a variational method of calculating loaded constructions strengthened by ways of increase in section and change of the calculation scheme. We study the impact of the introduction of new or removal of some existing structural elements that change the calculation scheme of the strengthened structure, and the impact of sequencing of the steps in the strengthening process on the stress-strain state of the strengthened beam systems with elastic-plastic deformations. In determining the stress-strain state of the strengthened loaded beam system calculations are performed in the following sequence: 1) the stress-strain state of the original beam system is calculated under repair loads; 2) the calculation scheme is changed based on the change in the cross-sectional dimensions of the strengthened beams and the introduction of additional structural elements (or the removal of some existing ones); 3) the strengthened structure is calculated under additional operating loads, taking into account the elastic-plastic deformations, changes in cross-sectional dimensions of the beams, the addition of new elements, the imposition of stress fields associated with the repair works. Using the developed method and the created computer program, we calculated the stress-load state of Bldg. 26 of Innovative Technopark «Idea» (Kazan), which was strengthened in a stressed state of the frame elements. | |
Keywords:beams structures, strengthening, repair stress, variation method, elasto- plastic deformations. | |
COMPUTER SCIENCE, COMPUTER FACILITIES AND MANAGEMENT (in building) | |
Vorontsova V.L. About influence of the growth of aerodynamic parameters on the behavior of limit cycles while orbital tether system driving in a circular orbit | Стр.263 |
Resume: Assessing the impact of aerodynamic effects on the rotation and position of artificial satellites, carried out over several decades is still an urgent task. The new interest in this area arose in connection with the design of large-scale tether systems, in which the effect of the aero-gradient is considered significant. In this paper study of the limit cycle for the equation of the relative motion of two bodies’ rigid orbital link, taking into account the gravitation effect influence, the aerodynamic pressure, aero-gradient and dissipative factors, depending on the growth of aerodynamic parameter a when moving in a circular orbit. With the numerical implementation of the Poincare method of pointed mapping we have constructed phase portraits of the task with regular and random motions, and also traced the evolution of these phase portraits with the change of parameters. | |
Keywords:space systems dynamics, qualitative theory of dynamical systems, orbital bunch of bodies, tether systems, limit cycles, aero¬dynamic parameter, eccentricity of the orbit. | |
Safiullin R.K. Research of fast flow gas discharge CO2 lasers with conical discharge tubes | Стр.268 |
Resume: The processes in fast flow gas discharge CO2 lasers with conical discharge tubes were numerically investigated. Glow discharge, molecular vibration kinetics as well as non-equilibrium gas dynamic equations were considered. A harmonic oscillator model for molecular vibration kinetics was used. Gas discharge equations for electronegative CO2-N2-He-H2O laser mixtures were employed. Complicated system of differential equations was solved by splitting on three subsystems: the first one for gas dynamics, the second one for molecular vibration kinetics and the third – for glow discharge equations. At first, gas dynamic quantities for layer x+?x were calculated by the method previously used for CO-lasers. After that vibration kinetic quantities were obtained using implicit difference scheme with the Newton iterative method. These procedures were repeated step by step from the cathode up to the anode. And then glow discharge equations were solved for the whole discharge region by the matrix sweep method. To obtain self-consistent solution one needs to make up to 10 global iterations between these three subsystems. As a result, space distributions for charged components of gas discharge plasma, as well as for gas temperature, gas velocity, gain coefficient and laser output were calculated. Good agreement with the available experimental results was achieved. | |
Keywords:conical tube, glow discharge, CO2-laser, harmonic oscillator. |